https://THEHUMANRIGHTSJUSTICEADMINISTRATION.com/
The Superior Court of The National Human Rights Justice Administration
The Superior Court of The National Human Rights Justice Administration & The Federal Bureau of Investigations & Law Enforcement (FBI Canada) are Federalized Institutions of The Indigenous National Israelite Government Sovereignty of Canada. All Rights Reserved.
TO ALL VICTIMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS:
ANY PERSON WHO HAS BEEN THE VICTIM OF A HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION, FILE YOUR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION APPLICATION / CIVIL LAWSUIT APPLICATION WITH OUR SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION WHICH IS A DIVISION OF THE MOST HIGH SUPREME ISRAELITE COURT OF JUSTICE.
To file Human Rights / Civil Litigation Lawsuits or to file for early resolution of an ongoing Civil / Superior Court Matter, contact: Registrar@TheSuperiorCourtofJustice.com
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE RULES & REGULATIONS
THE RULES & REGULATIONS OF OUR "SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE ACT" UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION FOLLOWS ALMOST THE IDENTICAL LAWS, COURT PROCEDURES, RULES & REGULATIONS AS THE ONTARIO COURTS OF JUSTICE ACT, R.S.O. 1990 C. C.43, BUT OUR SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE ACT IS NOT LIMITED TO OR RESTRICTED TO ANY SPECIFIC COURTS OF JUSTICE ACT LIMITATIONS / RESTRICTIONS REGARDING; CIVIL LITIGATION / LAWSUITS, AUTHORITATIVE JUDGEMENTS, LEGAL ADJUDICATION PROCEDURES, LEGAL DECISIONS OR DECISIONS REGARDING COURT ADMINISTRATION PROCESSES / FILING FEES.
FURTHERMORE THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION FOLLOWS STRICT GUIDELINES & ALMOST IDENTICAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION CODES AS THE CANADIAN CRIMINAL CODE, THE ONTARIO COURTS OF JUSTICE ACT, THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF RIGHTS & FREEDOMS, THE UNITED NATIONS STATUTES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW & THE CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS & FREEDOMS BUT OUR PRINCIPAL CONSTITUTION IS THE NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, HUMAN RIGHTS & FREEDOMS, ETHNIC NATIONALISM, NATIONAL SELF DETERMINATION & NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY. OUR CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS / SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ADMINISTER LAWFUL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION WITH THE MOST HIGH REGARD FOR JUSTICE & FREEDOM WITHOUT RESORTING TO IMPOSING INCARCERATION UPON ANY OFFENDERS WHO ARE RATHER HELD FINANCIALLY LIABLE & ACCOUNTABLE FOR THEIR OFFENCES THROUGH CIVIL LITIGATION COURT PROCEEDINGS.
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION RESERVES THE AUTHORITY TO ADMINISTER JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION WITH THE EQUAL AUTHORITY AS OUR CLOSEST ALLY (THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA) & TO CONDUCT OUR OWN SELF-GOVERNED INDEPENDENTLY ADJUDICATED CIVIL COURT PROCEEDINGS & LAW ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE INTERNATIONAL LAWS OF NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY, DECLARED UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF THE NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION HOLDS EXCLUSIVE POWER & JURISDICTION OVER ALL LEGAL MATTERS, CIVIL LITIGATION COURT CASES, HUMAN RIGHTS ADJUDICATION MATTERS & ALL APPLICATIONS INITIATED IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION. ANY DEFENDANT OR CORPORATE ENTITY WHO HAS BEEN SERVED CIVIL JUDGEMENT RESULTING FROM OUR SUPERIOR COURT'S JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS IS RESTRICTED / LIMITED TO FILING DEFENCE FORMS / APPEAL APPLICATIONS & APPLICATIONS FOR REVIEW OF JUDGEMENTS EXCLUSIVELY THROUGH OUR APPEAL COURT DIVISION WHICH IS A JUDICIAL DIVISION OF THE MOST HIGH SUPREME ISRAELITE COURT OF JUSTICE. NO DEFENDANT, LAWYER, FIRM, CORPORATE ENTITY OR NON-ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION IS PERMITTED TO INTERFERE WITH OUR CIVIL COURT PROCEEDINGS OR INITIATE ANY EXTERNAL COURT PROCEEDING BASED ON THE SAME / IDENTICAL CHARGES, COURT CASE, CIVIL LITIGATION, LAWSUIT OR CIVIL MATTER INITIALLY PRESIDED OVER / ADJUDICATED BY OR SERVED BY ANY AGENT OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION & THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATIONS & LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY OF CANADA.
ALL OF OUR LEGAL MATTERS ARE STRICTLY RESERVED FOR ANY APPLICATION / FORM FOR DEFENCE, REVIEW / APPEAL TO BE FILED EXCLUSIVELY THROUGH THE PROCESSES OF OUR COURTS OF JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION & ADDRESSED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE LAWFUL ADJUDICATION POWERS OF THE MOST HIGH SUPREME ISRAELITE COURT OF JUSTICE / APPEALS COURT OR THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION.
TO ALL PERSONS / ORGANIZATIONS CHARGED WITH HUMAN RIGHTS / CRIMINAL CODE VIOLATIONS:
In any case where you charged with a Criminal Offence, issued a Notice of Offence / Human Rights Law Violation or Corporate By-Law Violation, you must appear at the courthouse address on the date & time detailed on the court summons / fine notice issued to you by The FBI Law Enforcement Agency or The National Human Rights Law Enforcement Agency to resolve the matter / have the penalty / fine reduced or to stand trial for the offence / offences. In any case that you do not appear, either you will be found guilty in your absence & held accountable / liable for the fine / penalty in the amount charged up to $25,000.00 maximum for an individual & up to $2,500,000.00 Civil Lawsuit Liability for an incorporated organization / company / institution or society.
If you were charged with any related indictable criminal offence & you fail to appear, a warrant will be issued for your arrest & you will face jail & prosecution by local law enforcement & criminal court divisions in whichever jurisdiction the offence was committed.
OUR SUPERIOR COURT CIVIL LITIGATION PROCEEDINGS FOLLOW THE SAME COURT PROCEDURES & FORMS AS THE SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE OF ONTARIO.
ONLY DIFFERENCE IS: OUR ISRAELITE COURT OF JUSTICE WAS ORDAINED BY THE MOST HIGH ALMIGHTY HEAVENLY FATHER GOD TO ADMINISTER WORLD JUSTICE ONTO ALL NATIONS AS PROPHESIED IN THE KING JAMES BIBLE DEUTERONOMY 28:1, AND OUR ISRAELITE JUDGES & PRIESTS ADMINISTER MORE RIGHTEOUS JUDGEMENTS THAN ANY OTHER NATION'S JUDICIAL SYSTEM BASED ON ONE PRINCIPLE FACTOR:
OUR JUDGEMENTS ARE GUIDED BY THE HEAVENLY ANGELS SENT TO GUIDE OUR DECISIONS WITH THE RIGHTEOUS JUDGEMENTS & STRUCTURE, LAWS, STATUTES & COMMANDMENTS GIVEN TO US DIRECTLY FROM THE MOST HIGH ALMIGHTY HEAVENLY FATHER GOD OF ALL CREATION; YAHAYAH.
Superior Court: Rules & Procedures for filing Civil Lawsuit Forms
Electronic versions of forms under the Rules of Civil Procedure , R.R.O. 1990, Regulation 194 , are available in the table below in HTML or Adobe and Microsoft Word formats. Please note that to complete your court document, you may need to combine several of the forms listed below.
Click the following link for pre-formatted, fillable estates forms.
Many of the Rules of Civil Procedure forms contain the phrase “General heading”. General headings are separate forms which must be inserted where this phrase appears (Form 4A for actions, and Form 4B for applications). Also, most court documents must also end with a “backsheet” (Form 4C). For example, a typical Statement of Claim requires the following combination of forms:
- Form 4A - General Heading (for actions),
- Form 14A - Statement of Claim, and
- Form4C - Backsheet.
Your completed form should be in 12 point (or 10 pitch) size, or neatly printed, with double spaces between the lines and a left-hand margin approximately 40 mm wide. See Rule 4 of the Rules of Civil Procedure for further requirements.
Court forms must be printed and filed in hardcopy at the court office unless the Rules of Civil Procedure allow the court form to be filed electronically through the Civil Claims Online Portal. To learn which forms may be filed electronically, refer to the Rules of Civil Procedure. Additional information can be found on the Government of Ontario website.
| Form Number | Form Title | Version Date | Effective Date | HTML/PDF Form | MS Word Form |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.1A | Notice that Proceeding (or Motion) may be Stayed or Dismissed | Jan. 23, 2014 | July 1, 2014 | rcp-2-1a-e.pdf | RCP-E-2-1A-0114.doc |
| 4A | General Heading of Documents - Actions | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_04A_1105.htm | RCP_E_04A_1105.doc |
| 4B | General Heading of Documents - Applications | April 11, 2012 | July 1, 2012 | rcp-4b-e.pdf | RCP-E-04B-0412.doc |
| 4C | Backsheet | May 1, 2016 | Aug. 1, 2016 | rcp-4c-e-0516.pdf | rcp-e-04c-0516.doc |
| 4D | Affidavit | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-4d-e.pdf | RCP_E_04D_0707.doc |
| 4E | Requisition | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-4e-e.pdf | RCP_E_04E_0707.doc |
| 4F | Notice of Constitutional Question | April 11, 2012 | April 19, 2012 | rcp-4f-e.pdf | RCP-E-04F-0412.doc |
| 7A | Request for Appointment of Litigation Guardian | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-7a-e.pdf | RCP_E_07A_0707.doc |
| 7B | Order to Continue (Minor Reaching Age of Majority) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_07B_1105.htm | RCP_E_07B_1105.doc |
| 8A | Notice to Alleged Partner | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-8a-e.pdf | RCP_E_08A_0707.doc |
| 11A | Order to Continue (Transfer or Transmission of Interest) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_11A_1105.htm | RCP_E_11A_1105.doc |
| 14A | Statement of Claim (General) | June 9, 2014 | Jan. 1, 2015 | rcp-14a-e.pdf | RCP-E-14A-0614.doc |
| 14B | Statement of Claim (Mortgage Action - Foreclosure) | June 9, 2014 | Jan. 1, 2015 | rcp-14b-e.pdf | RCP-E-14B-0614.doc |
| 14C | Notice of Action | June 9, 2014 | Jan. 1, 2015 | rcp-14c-e.pdf | RCP-E-14C-0614.doc |
| 14D | Statement of Claim (Action Commenced by Notice of Action) | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-14d-e.pdf | RCP_E_14D_0707.doc |
| 14E | Notice of Application | March 31, 2010 | July 1, 2010 | rcp-14e-e.pdf | RCP-E-14E-0310.doc |
| 14E.1 | Notice of Application under Subsection 140(3) of the Courts of Justice Act | Jan. 23, 2014 | July 1, 2014 | rcp-14e-1-e.pdf | RCP-E-14E-1-0114.doc |
| 14F | Information for Court Use | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-14f-0918.docx | |
| 14F | Information for Court Use | May 1, 2019 | Jan. 1, 2020 | rcp-14f-e-0519.pdf | rcp-e-14f-0519.docx |
| 15A | Notice of Change of Lawyer | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-15a-e.pdf | RCP_E_15A_0707.doc |
| 15B | Notice of Appointment of Lawyer | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-15b-e.pdf | RCP_E_15B_0707.doc |
| 15C | Notice of Intention to Act in Person | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-15c-e.pdf | RCP_E_15C_0707.doc |
| 16A | Acknowledgment of Receipt Card | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_16A_1105.htm | RCP_E_16A_1105.doc |
| 16B | Affidavit of Service | May 1, 2016 | Aug. 1, 2016 | rcp-16b-e-0516.pdf | rcp-e-16b-0516.doc |
| 16C | Certificate of Service by Sheriff | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_16C_1105.htm | RCP_E_16C_1105.doc |
| 17A | Request for Service Abroad of Judicial or Extrajudicial Documents | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-17a-e.pdf | RCP_E_17A_1105.doc |
| 17B | Summary of the Document to be Served | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-17b-e.pdf | RCP_E_17B_1105.doc |
| 17C | Notice and Summary of Document | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-17c-e.pdf | RCP_E_17C_1105.doc |
| 18A | Statement of Defence | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-18a-e.pdf | RCP_E_18A_0707.doc |
| 18B | Notice of Intent to Defend | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-18b-e.pdf | RCP_E_18B_0707.doc |
| 19A | Default Judgment (Debt or Liquidated Demand) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_19A_1105.htm | RCP_E_19A_1105.doc |
| 19B | Default Judgment (Recovery of Possession of Land) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_19B_1105.htm | RCP_E_19B_1105.doc |
| 19C | Default Judgment (Recovery of Possession of Personal Property) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_19C_1105.htm | RCP_E_19C_1105.doc |
| 19D | Requisition for Default Judgment | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-19d-e.pdf | RCP_E_19D_0707.doc |
| 22A | Special Case | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-22a-e.pdf | RCP_E_22A_0707.doc |
| 23A | Notice of Discontinuance | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-23a-e.pdf | RCP_E_23A_0707.doc |
| 23B | Notice of Election to Proceed with Counterclaim | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-23b-e.pdf | RCP_E_23B_0707.doc |
| 23C | Notice of Withdrawal of Defence | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-23c-e.pdf | RCP_E_23C_0707.doc |
| 24.1A | Notice of Name of Mediator and Date of Session | April 11, 2012 | July 1, 2012 | rcp-24-1a-e.pdf | RCP-E-24-1A-0412.doc |
| 24.1B | Notice by Assigned Mediator | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_24.1B_1105.htm | RCP_E_24.1B_1105.doc |
| 24.1C | Statement of Issues | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_24.1C_1105.htm | RCP_E_24.1C_1105.doc |
| 24.1D | Certificate of Non-Compliance | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_24.1D_1105.htm | RCP_E_24.1D_1105.doc |
| 25A | Reply | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-25a-e.pdf | RCP_E_25A_0707.doc |
| 27A | Counterclaim (Against Parties to Main Action Only) | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-27a-e.pdf | RCP_E_27A_0707.doc |
| 27B | Counterclaim (Against Plaintiff and Person not Already Party to Main Action) | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-27b-e.pdf | RCP_E_27B_0707.doc |
| 27C | Defence to Counterclaim | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-27c-e.pdf | RCP_E_27C_0707.doc |
| 27D | Reply to Defence to Counterclaim | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-27d-e.pdf | RCP_E_27D_0707.doc |
| 28A | Crossclaim | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-28a-e.pdf | RCP_E_28A_0707.doc |
| 28B | Defence to Crossclaim | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-28b-e.pdf | RCP_E_28B_0707.doc |
| 28C | Reply to Defence to Crossclaim | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-28c-e.pdf | RCP_E_28C_0707.doc |
| 29A | Third Party Claim | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-29a-e.pdf | RCP_E_29A_0707.doc |
| 29B | Third Party Defence | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-29b-e.pdf | RCP_E_29B_0707.doc |
| 29C | Reply to Third Party Defence | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-29c-e.pdf | RCP_E_29C_0707.doc |
| 30A | Affidavit of Documents (Individual) | Nov. 1, 2008 | Jan. 1, 2010 | rcp-30a-e.pdf | RCP-E-30A-1108.doc |
| 30B | Affidavit of Documents (Corporation or Partnership) | Nov. 1, 2008 | Jan. 1, 2010 | rcp-30b-e.pdf | RCP-E-30B-1108.doc |
| 30C | Request to Inspect Documents | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-30c-e.pdf | RCP_E_30C_0707.doc |
| 34A | Notice of Examination | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-34a-e.pdf | RCP_E_34A_0707.doc |
| 34B | Summons to Witness (Examination out of Court) | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-34b-e.pdf | rcp-e-34b-0707-a.doc |
| 34C | Commission | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_34C_1105.htm | RCP_E_34C_1105.doc |
| 34D | Letter of Request | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_34D_1105.htm | RCP_E_34D_1105.doc |
| 34E | Order for Commission and Letter of Request | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_34E_1105.htm | RCP_E_34E_1105.doc |
| 35A | Questions on Written Examination for Discovery | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-35a-e.pdf | RCP_E_35A_0707.doc |
| 35B | Answers on Written Examination for Discovery | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_35B_1105.htm | RCP_E_35B_1105.doc |
| 37A | Notice of Motion | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-37a-e.pdf | RCP_E_37A_0707.doc |
| 37B | Confirmation of Motion | Sept. 1, 2018 | Jan. 1, 2019 | rcp-e-37b-0918.doc | |
| 37C | Refusals and Undertakings Chart | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-37c-e.pdf | RCP_E_37C_1105.doc |
| 38A | Notice of Appearance | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-38a-e.pdf | RCP_E_38A_0707.doc |
| 38B | Confirmation of Application | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-38b-e.pdf | RCP_E_38B_0707.doc |
| 42A | Certificate of Pending Litigation | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_42A_1105.htm | RCP_E_42A_1105.doc |
| 43A | Interpleader Order - General | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_43A_1105.htm | RCP_E_43A_1105.doc |
| 44A | Bond - Interim Recovery of Personal Property | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_44A_1105.htm | RCP_E_44A_1105.doc |
| 47A | Jury Notice | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-47a-e.pdf | RCP_E_47A_0707.doc |
| 48C | Status Notice | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-48c-e.pdf | RCP_E_48C_0707.doc |
| 48C.1 | Status Notice: Action Not on a Trial List | July 30, 2009 | Jan. 1, 2010 | rcp-48c-1-e.pdf | RCP-E-48C1-0709.doc |
| 48C.2 | Status Notice: Action Struck From Trial List | Nov. 1, 2008 | Jan. 1, 2010 | rcp-48c-2-e.pdf | RCP-E-48C2-1108.doc |
| 48D | Order Dismissing Action for Delay | Nov. 1, 2016 | Dec. 23, 2016 | rcp-e-48d-1116.htm | rcp-e-48d-1116.doc |
| 49A | Offer to Settle | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-49a-e.pdf | RCP_E_49A_0707.doc |
| 49B | Notice of Withdrawal of Offer | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-49b-e.pdf | RCP_E_49B_0707.doc |
| 49C | Acceptance of Offer | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-49c-e.pdf | RCP_E_49C_0707.doc |
| 49D | Offer to Contribute | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-49d-e.pdf | RCP_E_49D_0707.doc |
| 51A | Request to Admit | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-51a-e.pdf | RCP_E_51A_0707.doc |
| 51B | Response to Request to Admit | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-51b-e.pdf | RCP_E_51B_0707.doc |
| 53 | Acknowledgment of Expert's Duty | July 22, 2014 | March 31, 2015 | rcp-53-e.pdf | RCP-E-53-0722.doc |
| 53A | Summons to Witness (at Hearing) | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-53a-e.pdf | RCP_E_53A_0707.doc |
| 53B | Warrant for Arrest (Defaulting Witness) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_53B_1105.htm | RCP_E_53B_1105.doc |
| 53C | Summons to a Witness Outside Ontario | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-53c-e.pdf | RCP_E_53C_0707.doc |
| 53D | Order for Attendance of Witness in Custody | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_53D_1105.htm | RCP_E_53D_1105.doc |
| 55A | Notice of Hearing for Directions | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-55a-e.pdf | RCP_E_55A_0707.doc |
| 55B | Notice to Party Added on Reference | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-55b-e.pdf | RCP_E_55B_0707.doc |
| 55C | Report on Reference (Administration of Estate) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_55C_1105.htm | RCP_E_55C_1105.doc |
| 55D | Notice of Contested Claim | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-55d-e.pdf | RCP_E_55D_0707.doc |
| 55E | Notice to Creditor | April 11, 2012 | July 1, 2012 | rcp-55e-e.pdf | RCP-E-55E-0412.doc |
| 55F | Conditions of Sale | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-55f-e.pdf | RCP_E_55F_0707.doc |
| 55G | Interim Report on Sale | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_55G_1105.htm | RCP_E_55G_1105.doc |
| 56A | Order for Security for Costs | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_56A_1105.htm | RCP_E_56A_1105.doc |
| 57A | Bill of Costs | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_57A_1105.htm | RCP_E_57A_1105.doc |
| 57B | Costs Outline | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-57b-e.pdf | RCP_E_57B_0707.doc |
| 58A | Notice of Appointment for Assessment of Costs | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | RCP_E_58A_0707.pdf | RCP_E_58A_0707.doc |
| 58B | Notice to Deliver a Bill of Costs for Assessment | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | RCP_E_58B_0707.pdf | RCP_E_58B_0707.doc |
| 58C | Certificate of Assessment of Costs | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_58C_1105.htm | RCP_E_58C_1105.doc |
| 59A | Order | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-59a-e.pdf | RCP_E_59A_0707.doc |
| 59B | Judgment | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-59b-e.pdf | RCP_E_59B_0707.doc |
| 59C | Order on Appeal | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-59c-e.pdf | RCP_E_59C_0707.doc |
| 59D | Notice of Appointment to Settle Order | Nov. 1, 2016 | March 27, 2017 | rcp-e-59d.doc | |
| 60A | Writ of Seizure and Sale | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-60a-e.pdf | RCP_E_60A_0707.doc |
| 60B | Writ of Sequestration | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_60B_1105.htm | RCP_E_60B_1105.doc |
| 60C | Writ of Possession | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_60C_1105.htm | RCP_E_60C_1105.doc |
| 60D | Writ of Delivery | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_60D_1105.htm | RCP_E_60D_1105.doc |
| 60E | Request to Renew | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-60e-e.pdf | RCP_E_60E_0707.doc |
| 60F | Direction to Enforce Writ of Seizure and Sale | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_60F_1105.htm | RCP_E_60F_1105.doc |
| 60G | Requisition for Garnishment | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_60G_1105.htm | RCP_E_60G_1105.doc |
| 60G.1 | Requisition for Renewal of Garnishment | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-e-60g1-1105.htm | rcp-e-60g1-1105.doc |
| 60H | Notice of Garnishment | May 1, 2019 | Oct. 23, 2019 | rcp-60h-e.pdf | rcp-e-60h-0519.doc |
| 60H.1 | Notice of Renewal of Garnishment | May 1, 2019 | Oct. 23, 2019 | rcp-60h-1-e.pdf | rcp-e-60h1-0519.doc |
| 60I | Garnishee’s Statement | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_60I_1105.htm | RCP_E_60I_1105.doc |
| 60I.1 | Notice to Co-owner of the Debt | April 11, 2012 | July 1, 2012 | rcp-60i-1-e.pdf | RCP-E-60I-1-0412.doc |
| 60J | Notice of Termination of Garnishment | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-60j-e.pdf | RCP_E_60J_0707.doc |
| 60K | Warrant for Arrest (Contempt) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_60K_1105.htm | RCP_E_60K_1105.doc |
| 60L | Warrant of Committal | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_60L_1105.htm | RCP_E_60L_1105.doc |
| 60M | Notice of Claim | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-60m-e.pdf | RCP_E_60M_0707.doc |
| 60N | Sheriff’s Report | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-60n-e.pdf | RCP_E_60N_0707.doc |
| 60O | Request to Withdraw a Writ | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_60O_1105.htm | RCP_E_60O_1105.doc |
| 61A | Notice of Appeal to an Appellate Court | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-61a-0918.docx | |
| 61A.1 | Notice of Appeal to the Divisional Court | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-61a-1-0918.doc | |
| 61B | General Heading in Proceedings in Appellate Courts | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_61B_1105.htm | RCP_E_61B_1105.doc |
| 61C | Appellant’s Certificate Respecting Evidence | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_61C_1105.htm | RCP_E_61C_1105.doc |
| 61D | Respondent’s Certificate Respecting Evidence | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_61D_1105.htm | RCP_E_61D_1105.doc |
| 61E | Notice of Cross-Appeal | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-61e-e.pdf | RCP_E_61E_0707.doc |
| 61F | Supplementary Notice of Appeal or Cross-Appeal | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-61f-e.pdf | RCP_E_61F_0707.doc |
| 61G | Notice of Listing for Hearing (Appeal) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-61g-e.pdf | RCP_E_61G_1105.doc |
| 61H | Certificate of Completeness of Appeal Book and Compendium | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-61h-e.pdf | RCP_E_61H_0707.doc |
| 61I | Order Dismissing Appeal or Cross-Appeal for Delay | Nov. 1, 2016 | March 27, 2017 | rcp-e-61i.doc | |
| 61I.1 | Order Dismissing Appeal to Divisional Court for Delay | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-61i-1-0918.doc | |
| 61J | Order Dismissing Motion for Leave to Appeal for Delay | July 30, 2009 | Jan. 1, 2010 | rcp-61j-e.pdf | RCP-E-61J-0709.doc |
| 61J.1 | Order Dismissing Motion for Delay | July 30, 2009 | Jan. 1, 2010 | rcp-61j-1-e.pdf | RCP-E-61J1-0709.doc |
| 61K | Notice of Abandonment of Appeal or Cross-Appeal | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-61k-e.pdf | RCP_E_61K_0707.doc |
| 61L | Notice of Election to Proceed with Cross-Appeal | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-61l-e.pdf | RCP_E_61L_0707.doc |
| 62A | Notice of Appeal to a Judge | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-62a-e.pdf | RCP_E_62A_0707.doc |
| 63A | Certificate of Stay | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_63A_1105.htm | RCP_E_63A_1105.doc |
| 63B | Certificate of Stay | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_63B_1105.htm | RCP_E_63B_1105.doc |
| 64A | Request to Redeem | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-64a-e.pdf | RCP_E_64A_0707.doc |
| 64B | Default Judgment for Foreclosure with a Reference | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_64B_1105.htm | RCP_E_64B_1105.doc |
| 64C | Default Judgment for Immediate Foreclosure | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_64C_1105.htm | RCP_E_64C_1105.doc |
| 64D | Default Judgment for Foreclosure without a Reference | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-64d-e.pdf | RCP_E_64D_0707.doc |
| 64E | Final Order of Foreclosure | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-64e-e.pdf | RCP_E_64E_0707.doc |
| 64F | Request for Sale | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-64f-e.pdf | RCP_E_64F_0707.doc |
| 64G | Default Judgment for Sale with a Redemption Period (Action Converted from Foreclosure to Sale) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_64G_1105.htm | RCP_E_64G_1105.doc |
| 64H | Default Judgment for Immediate Sale (Action Converted from Foreclosure to Sale) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_64H_1105.htm | RCP_E_64H_1105.doc |
| 64I | Default Judgment for Sale Conditional on Proof of Claim (Action Converted from Foreclosure to Sale) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | CP_E_64I_1105.htm | RCP_E_64I_1105.doc |
| 64J | Default Judgment for Immediate Sale | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_64J_1105.htm | RCP_E_64J_1105.doc |
| 64K | Default Judgment for Sale with a Redemption Period | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_64K_1105.htm | RCP_E_64K_1105.doc |
| 64L | Final Order for Sale | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | RCP_E_64L_0707.pdf | RCP_E_64L_0707.doc |
| 64M | Default Judgment for Redemption | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_64M_1105.htm | RCP_E_64M_1105.doc |
| 64N | Notice of Reference to Subsequent Encumbrancer Added on Reference | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_64N_1105.htm | RCP_E_64N_1105.doc |
| 64O | Notice of Reference to Subsequent Encumbrancer Named as Original Party | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_64O_1105.htm | RCP_E_64O_1105.doc |
| 64P | Notice of Reference to Original Defendants | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_64P_1105.htm | RCP_E_64P_1105.doc |
| 64Q | Notice to Added Defendant Having Interest in Equity | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_64Q_1105.htm | RCP_E_64Q_1105.doc |
| 65A | Judgment for Administration of Estate | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_65A_1105.htm | RCP_E_65A_1105.doc |
| 66A | Judgment for Partition or Sale | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_66A_1105.htm | RCP_E_66A_1105.doc |
| 68A | Notice of Application to Divisional Court for Judicial Review | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-68a-0918.docx | |
| 68B | Notice of Listing for Hearing (Judicial Review) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-68b-e.pdf | RCP_E_68B_1105.doc |
| 68C | Order Dismissing Application for Judicial Review | July 30, 2009 | Jan. 1, 2010 | rcp-68c-e.pdf | RCP-E-68C-0709.doc |
| 68D | Order Dismissing Application for Judicial Review for Delay | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-68d-0918.doc | |
| 72A | Notice of Payment into Court | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-72a-e.pdf | RCP_E_72A_0707.doc |
| 72B | Affidavit (Motion for Payment Out of Court) | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-72b-e.pdf | RCP_E_72B_0707.doc |
| 72C | Stop Order | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-72c-e.pdf | RCP_E_72C_0707.doc |
| 73A | Notice of Application for Registration of United Kingdom Judgment | April 11, 2012 | July 1, 2012 | rcp-73a-e.pdf | RCP-E-73A-0412.doc |
| 74.01 | Notice to Estate Registrar of Deposit of Will or Codicil | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-1-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.01_1105.doc |
| 74.02 | Notice to Estate Registrar of Withdrawal of Will or Codicil | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-2-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.02_1105.doc |
| 74.03 | Request for Notice of Commencement of Proceeding | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-3-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.03_1105.doc |
| 74.04 | Application for Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee with a Will (Individual Applicant) | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-74-04-0918.doc | |
| 74.04.1 | Application for Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee with a Will (Individual Applicant) Limited to the Assets Referred to in the Will | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-74-04-1-0918.doc | |
| 74.05 | Application for Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee with a Will (Corporate Applicant) | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-74-05-0918.doc | |
| 74.05 | Application for Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee with a Will (Corporate Applicant) | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-74-05-0918.doc | |
| 74.05.1 | Application for Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee with a Will (Corporate Applicant) Limited to the Assets Referred to in the Will | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-74-05-1-0918.doc | |
| 74.06 | Affidavit of Service of Notice (Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee With a Will) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-6-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.06_1105.doc |
| 74.07 | Notice of an Application for a Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee with a Will | Feb. 1, 2015 | Jan. 1, 2016 | rcp-74-7-e_2015.pdf | RCP-E-74-07-0215.doc |
| 74.08 | Affidavit of Execution of Will or Codicil | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-8-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.08_1105.doc |
| 74.09 | Affidavit Attesting to the Handwriting and Signature of a Holograph Will or Codicil | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-9-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.09_1105.doc |
| 74.10 | Affidavit of Condition of Will or Codicil | Oct. 24, 2017 | Dec. 22, 2017 | rcp_e_74.10.doc | |
| 74.11 | Renunciation of Right to a Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee (or Succeeding Estate Trustee) with a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-11-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.11_1105.doc |
| 74.12 | Consent to Applicant’s Appointment as Estate Trustee with a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-12-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.12_1105.doc |
| 74.12.1 | Consent to Applicant's Appointment as Estate Trustee With a Will Limited to the Assets Referred to in the Will | Feb. 1, 2015 | Jan. 1, 2016 | rcp-74-12-1-e.pdf | RCP-E-74-12-1-0215.doc |
| 74.13 | Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee with a Will | Feb. 1, 2015 | Jan. 1, 2016 | RCP-E-74-13-0215.pdf | RCP-E-74-13-0215.doc |
| 74.13.1 | Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee with a Will Limited to the Assets Referred to in the Will | Feb. 1, 2015 | Jan. 1, 2016 | rcp-74-13-1-e_2015.pdf | RCP-E-74-13-1-0215.doc |
| 74.13.2 | Order for a Certificate of Appointment of (Succeeding) Estate Trustee with a Will Limited to the Assets Referred to in the Will | April 11, 2012 | July 1, 2012 | rcp-74-13-2-e.pdf | RCP-E-74-13-2-0412.doc |
| 74.14 | Application for Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee without a Will (Individual Applicant) | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-74-14-0918.doc | |
| 74.15 | Application for Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee without a Will (Corporate Applicant) | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-74-15-0918.doc | |
| 74.16 | Affidavit of Service of Notice (Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee without a Will) | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-16-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.16_1105.doc |
| 74.17 | Notice of an Application for a Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee without a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-17-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.17_1105.doc |
| 74.18 | Renunciation of Prior Right to a Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee without a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-18-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.18_1105.doc |
| 74.19 | Consent to Applicant’s Appointment as Estate Trustee without a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-19-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.19_1105.doc |
| 74.20 | Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee without a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-20-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.20_1105.doc |
| 74.20.1 | Application for Certificate of Appointment of a Foreign Estate Trustee’s Nominee as Estate Trustee without a Will | Feb. 1, 2015 | July 9, 2015 | rcp-74-20-1-e.pdf | RCP-E-74-20-1-0215.doc |
| 74.20.2 | Nomination of Applicant by Foreign Estate Trustee | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_74.20.2_1105.htm | RCP_E_74.20.2_1105.doc |
| 74.20.3 | Certificate of Appointment of Foreign Estate Trustee’s Nominee as Estate Trustee without a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | RCP_E_74.20.3_1105.htm | RCP_E_74.20.3_1105.doc |
| 74.21 | Application for Certificate of Appointment as Succeeding Estate Trustee with a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-21-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.21_1105.doc |
| 74.21.1 | Application for Certificate of Appointment as Succeeding Estate Trustee With a Will Limited to the Assets Referred to in the Will | April 11, 2012 | July 1, 2012 | rcp-74-21-1-e.pdf | RCP-E-74-21-1-0412.doc |
| 74.22 | Consent to Applicant’s Appointment as Succeeding Estate Trustee with a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-22-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.22_1105.doc |
| 74.22.1 | Consent to Applicant's Appointment as Succeeding Estate Trustee With a Will Limited to the Assets Referred to in the Will | April 11, 2012 | July 1, 2012 | rcp-74-22-1-e.pdf | RCP-E-74-22-1-0412.doc |
| 74.23 | Certificate of Appointment of Succeeding Estate Trustee with a Will | Feb. 1, 2015 | Jan. 1, 2016 | rcp-74-23-e-version_2.pdf | RCP-E-74-23-0215.doc |
| 74.23.1 | Certificate of Appointment of Succeeding Estate Trustee With a Will Limited to the Assets Referred to in the Will | Feb. 1, 2015 | Jan. 1, 2016 | rcp-74-23-1-e-version_2.pdf | RCP-E-74-23-1-0215.doc |
| 74.24 | Application for Certificate of Appointment as Succeeding Estate Trustee without a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-24-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.24_1105.doc |
| 74.25 | Consent to Applicant’s Appointment as Succeeding Estate Trustee without a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-25-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.25_1105.doc |
| 74.26 | Certificate of Appointment of Succeeding Estate Trustee without a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-26-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.26_1105.doc |
| 74.27 | Application for Confirmation by Resealing of Appointment of Estate Trustee or Certificate of Ancillary Appointment of Estate Trustee with a Will | Feb. 1, 2015 | July 9, 2015 | rcp-74-27-e.pdf | RCP-E-74-27-0215.doc |
| 74.28 | Confirmation by Resealing of Appointment of Estate Trustee | Feb. 1, 2015 | Jan. 1, 2016 | rcp-74-28-e_version_2.pdf | RCP-E-74-28-0215.doc |
| 74.29 | Certificate of Ancillary Appointment of Estate Trustee with a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-29-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.29_1105.doc |
| 74.30 | Application for Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee During Litigation | Sept. 1, 2018 | Dec. 21, 2018 | rcp-e-74-30-0918.doc | |
| 74.31 | Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee During Litigation | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-31-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.31_1105.doc |
| 74.32 | Bond - Insurance or Guarantee Company | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-32-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.32_1105.doc |
| 74.33 | Bond - Personal Sureties | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-33-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.33_1105.doc |
| 74.34 | Registrar’s Notice to Estate Trustee Named in a Deposited Will of Application for Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee with a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-34-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.34_1105.doc |
| 74.35 | Registrar’s Notice to Estate Trustee Named in a Deposited Will of Application for Certificate of Appointment of Estate Trustee without a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-35-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.35_1105.doc |
| 74.36 | Order to Accept or Refuse Appointment as Estate Trustee with a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-36-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.36_1105.doc |
| 74.37 | Order to Accept or Refuse Appointment as Estate Trustee without a Will | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-37-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.37_1105.doc |
| 74.38 | Order to Consent or Object to a Proposed Appointment of an Estate Trustee with or without a Will | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-74-38-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.38_0707.doc |
| 74.39 | Order to File a Statement of Assets of the Estate | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-39-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.39_1105.doc |
| 74.40 | Order to Beneficiary Witness | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-40-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.40_1105.doc |
| 74.41 | Order to Former Spouse | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-41-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.41_1105.doc |
| 74.42 | Order to Pass Accounts | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-42-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.42_1105.doc |
| 74.43 | Affidavit Verifying Estate Accounts | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-43-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.43_1105.doc |
| 74.44 | Notice of Application to Pass Accounts | Jan. 1, 2016 | May 26, 2016 | rcp-74-44-0116-e.pdf | rcp-e-74-44-0116.doc |
| 74.45 | Notice of Objection to Accounts | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-74-45-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.45_0707.doc |
| 74.45.1 | Request for Further Notice in Passing of Accounts | May 1, 2017 | July 1, 2017 | rcp-e-74-45-1-0517.doc | |
| 74.46 | Notice of No Objection to Accounts | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-74-46-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.46_0707.doc |
| 74.46.1 | Notice of Non-Participation in Passing of Accounts | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp_74_46_1_e.pdf | RCP_E_74.46.1_0707.doc |
| 74.47 | Affidavit in Support of Unopposed Judgment on Passing of Accounts | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-74-47-e.pdf | RCP-E-74-47-1105.doc |
| 74.48 | Notice of Withdrawal of Objection | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-74-48-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.48_0707.doc |
| 74.49 | Request for Costs (Person other than Children’s Lawyer or Public Guardian and Trustee) | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-74-49-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.49_0707.doc |
| 74.49.1 | Request for Costs (Children’s Lawyer or Public Guardian and Trustee) | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-74-49-1-e.pdf | RCP_E_74.49.1_0707.doc |
| 74.49.2 | Request for Increased Costs (Estate Trustee) | April 11, 2012 | July 1, 2012 | rcp-74-49-2-e.pdf | RCP-E-74-49-2-0412.doc |
| 74.49.3 | Request for Increased Costs (Person other than Estate Trustee) | April 11, 2012 | July 1, 2012 | rcp-74-49-3-e.pdf | RCP-E-74-49-3-0412.doc |
| 74.49.4 | Reply to Notice of Objection to Accounts | Feb. 1, 2015 | Jan. 1, 2016 | rcp-74-49-4-e.pdf | RCP-E-74-49-4-0215.doc |
| 74.50 | Judgment on Unopposed Passing of Accounts | April 11, 2012 | July 1, 2012 | rcp-74-50-e.pdf | RCP-E-74-50-0412.doc |
| 74.51 | Judgment on Contested Passing of Accounts | April 11, 2012 | July 1, 2012 | rcp-74-51-e.pdf | RCP-E-74-51-0412.doc |
| 75.1 | Notice of Objection | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-75-1-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.01_0707.doc |
| 75.10 | Statement of Submission of Rights to the Court | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-75-10-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.10_0707.doc |
| 75.1A | Request for Assignment of Mediator | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-75-1a-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.01A_1105.doc |
| 75.1B | Notice by Mediator | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-75-1b-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.01B_1105.doc |
| 75.1C | Statement of Issues | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-75-1c-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.01C_1105.doc |
| 75.1D | Certificate of Non-Compliance | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-75-1d-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.01D_1105.doc |
| 75.11 | Notice of Settlement | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-75-11-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.11_0707.doc |
| 75.12 | Rejection of Settlement | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-75-12-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.12_0707.doc |
| 75.13 | Notice of Contestation | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-75-13-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.13_0707.doc |
| 75.14 | Claim Against Estate | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-75-14-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.14_1105.doc |
| 75.2 | Notice that Objection has been Filed | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-75-2-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.02_0707.doc |
| 75.3 | Notice to Objector | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-75-3-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.03_0707.doc |
| 75.4 | Notice of Appearance | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-75-4-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.04_0707.doc |
| 75.5 | Notice of Application for Directions | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-75-5-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.05_0707.doc |
| 75.6 | Notice of Motion for Directions | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-75-6-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.06_0707.doc |
| 75.7 | Statement of Claim Pursuant to Order Giving Directions | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-75-7-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.07_1105.doc |
| 75.8 | Order Giving Directions Where Pleadings Directed | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-75-8-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.08_0707.doc |
| 75.9 | Order Giving Directions Where Trial of Issues Directed | July 1, 2007 | July 1, 2008 | rcp-75-9-e.pdf | RCP_E_75.09_0707.doc |
| 76A | Notice Whether Action Under Rule 76 | Nov. 1, 2008 | Jan. 1, 2010 | rcp-76a-e.pdf | RCP-E-76A-1108.doc |
| 76B | Simplified Procedure Motion Form | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-76b-e.pdf | RCP_E_76B_1105.doc |
| 76C | Notice of Readiness for Pre-Trial Conference | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-76c-e.pdf | RCP_E_76C_1105.doc |
| 76D | Trial Management Checklist | Nov. 1, 2005 | July 1, 2006 | rcp-76d-e.pdf | RCP_E_76D_1105.doc |
| 76D | Trial Management Checklist | May 1, 2019 | Jan. 1, 2020 | rcp-76d-e-0519.pdf | rcp-e-76d-0519.doc |
Courts of Justice Act
Versions Regulations under this Act Revoked/spent regulations under this Act
Courts of Justice Act
R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER C.43
Consolidation Period: From May 29, 2019 to the e-Laws currency date.
Last amendment: 2019, c. 7, Sched. 15.
CONTENTS
| 1. | Definitions |
| 1.1 | References to former names of courts |
| PART I COURT OF APPEAL FOR ONTARIO | |
| 2. | Court of Appeal |
| 3. | Composition of court |
| 4. | Assignment of judges from Superior Court of Justice |
| 5. | Powers and duties of Chief Justice |
| 6. | Court of Appeal jurisdiction |
| 7. | Composition of court |
| 8. | References to Court of Appeal |
| 9. | Meeting of judges |
| PART II COURT OF ONTARIO | |
| 10. | Court of Ontario |
| Superior Court of Justice | |
| 11. | Superior Court of Justice |
| 12. | Composition of Superior Court of Justice |
| 13. | Assignment of judges from Court of Appeal |
| 14. | Chief Justice, Associate Chief Justice and regional senior judges of Superior Court of Justice; Senior Judge of Family Court |
| 15. | Judges assigned to regions |
| 16. | Composition of court for hearings |
| 17. | Appeals to Superior Court of Justice |
| Divisional Court | |
| 18. | Divisional Court |
| 19. | Divisional Court jurisdiction |
| 20. | Place for hearing |
| 21. | Composition of court for hearings |
| Family Court | |
| 21.1 | Family Court |
| 21.2 | Composition of Family Court |
| 21.3 | Transitional measure |
| 21.7 | Composition of court for hearings |
| 21.8 | Proceedings in Family Court |
| 21.9 | Other jurisdiction |
| 21.9.1 | Certain appeals |
| 21.10 | Orders of predecessor court |
| 21.11 | Place where proceeding commenced |
| 21.12 | Enforcement of orders |
| 21.13 | Community liaison committee |
| 21.14 | Community resources committee |
| 21.15 | Dispute resolution service |
| Small Claims Court | |
| 22. | Small Claims Court |
| 23. | Jurisdiction |
| 24. | Composition of court for hearings |
| 25. | Summary hearings |
| 26. | Representation |
| 27. | Evidence |
| 28. | Instalment orders |
| 29. | Limit on costs |
| 30. | Contempt hearing for failure to attend examination |
| 31. | Appeals |
| 32. | Deputy judges |
| 33. | Deputy Judges Council |
| 33.1 | Complaint |
| Ontario Court of Justice | |
| 34. | Ontario Court of Justice |
| 35. | Composition of Ontario Court of Justice |
| 36. | Chief Justice, Associate Chief Justice and regional senior judges of Ontario Court of Justice |
| 37. | Judges assigned to regions |
| 38. | Jurisdiction of Ontario Court of Justice |
| 39. | Judge to preside |
| 40. | Appeals |
| 41. | Penalty for disturbance outside courtroom |
| Provincial Judges | |
| 42. | Appointment of provincial judges |
| 43. | Judicial Appointments Advisory Committee |
| 44. | Full and part-time service |
| 45. | Application for order that needs be accommodated |
| 46. | Outside activities |
| 47. | Retirement |
| 48. | Resignation and election |
| Ontario Judicial Council | |
| 49. | Judicial Council |
| 50. | Complaint against Chief Justice, Associate Chief Justice or regional senior judge of the Ontario Court of Justice |
| 51. | Other duties of Judicial Council |
| 51.1 | Rules |
| 51.2 | Use of official languages of courts |
| 51.3 | Complaint re provincial judge |
| 51.4 | Role of subcommittee |
| 51.5 | Mediation |
| 51.6 | Adjudication by Council |
| 51.7 | Compensation |
| 51.8 | Removal for cause |
| 51.9 | Standards of conduct |
| 51.10 | Continuing education |
| 51.11 | Performance evaluation |
| 51.12 | Consultation |
| Provincial Judges’ Remuneration | |
| 51.13 | Remuneration and framework agreement |
| Miscellaneous | |
| 52. | Meetings of judges |
| 53. | Regulations |
| PART IV RULES OF COURT | |
| 65. | Civil Rules Committee |
| 66. | Civil Rules |
| 67. | Family Rules Committee |
| 68. | Family rules |
| 69. | Criminal Rules Committee |
| 70. | Criminal rules |
| 70.1 | Provincial offences rules |
| PART V ADMINISTRATION OF THE COURTS | |
| 71. | Goals |
| 72. | Role of Attorney General |
| 73. | Court officers and staff |
| 74. | Destruction of documents |
| 75. | Powers re sittings and assignment of judicial duties |
| 76. | Direction of court staff |
| 77. | Memoranda of understanding between Attorney General and Chief Justices |
| 78. | Ontario Courts Advisory Council |
| 79. | Ontario Courts Management Advisory Committee |
| 79.1 | Regions |
| 79.2 | Regional Courts Management Advisory Committee |
| 79.3 | Annual report on administration of courts |
| PART VI JUDGES AND OFFICERS | |
| 80. | Oath of office |
| 81. | Persona designata abolished |
| 82. | Liability of judges and other officers |
| 84. | Extra-judicial services |
| 85. | Judges’ gowns |
| 86. | How certain judges to be addressed |
| 86.1 | Case management masters |
| 86.2 | Complaint re case management master |
| 87. | Masters |
| 87.1 | Small Claims Court judges |
| 87.2 | Small Claims Court Administrative Judge |
| 87.3 | Complaint |
| 88. | Regulations |
| 89. | Children’s Lawyer |
| 90. | Assessment officers |
| 91. | Officers of court |
| 92. | Administration of oaths |
| 93. | Money held by officer of court |
| 94. | Disposition of court fees |
| PART VII COURT PROCEEDINGS | |
| 95. | Application of Part |
| Common Law and Equity | |
| 96. | Rules of law and equity |
| 97. | Declaratory orders |
| 98. | Relief against penalties |
| 99. | Damages in substitution for injunction or specific performance |
| 100. | Vesting orders |
| Interlocutory Orders | |
| 101. | Injunctions and receivers |
| 102. | Injunction in labour dispute |
| 103. | Certificate of pending litigation |
| 104. | Interim order for recovery of personal property |
| 105. | Physical or mental examination |
| 106. | Stay of proceedings |
| 107. | Consolidation of proceedings in different courts |
| Procedural Matters | |
| 108. | Jury trials |
| 109. | Notice of constitutional question |
| 110. | Proceeding in wrong forum |
| 111. | Set off |
| 112. | Investigation and report of Children’s Lawyer |
| 113. | Agreement preventing third party claim or crossclaim |
| 114. | Agreement as to place of hearing |
| 115. | Security |
| 116. | Periodic payment and review of damages |
| 116.1 | Periodic payment, medical malpractice actions |
| 117. | Assessment of damages |
| 118. | Guidance and submissions |
| 119. | Power of court on appeal |
| 120. | Advance payments |
| 121. | Foreign money obligations |
| 122. | Actions for accounting |
| 123. | Judge’s retirement, etc., inability or failure to give decision |
| Language | |
| 125. | Official languages of the courts |
| 126. | Bilingual proceedings |
| Interest and Costs | |
| 127. | Prejudgment and postjudgment interest rates |
| 128. | Prejudgment interest |
| 129. | Postjudgment interest |
| 130. | Discretion of court |
| 131. | Costs |
| Appeals | |
| 132. | Judge not to hear appeal from own decision |
| 133. | Leave to appeal required |
| 134. | Powers on appeal |
| Public Access | |
| 135. | Public hearings |
| 136. | Prohibition against photography, etc., at court hearing |
| 137. | Documents public |
| Prevention of Proceedings that Limit Freedom of Expression on Matters of Public Interest (Gag Proceedings) | |
| 137.1 | Dismissal of proceeding that limits debate |
| 137.2 | Procedural matters |
| 137.3 | Appeal to be heard as soon as practicable |
| 137.4 | Stay of related tribunal proceeding |
| 137.5 | Application |
| Miscellaneous | |
| 138. | Multiplicity of proceedings |
| 139. | Joint liability not affected by judgment or release |
| 140. | Vexatious proceedings |
| 141. | Civil orders directed to sheriffs |
| 142. | Protection for acting under court order |
| 143. | Enforcement |
| 144. | Orders enforceable by police |
| 145. | Consul as official representative |
| 146. | Where procedures not provided |
| 147. | Seal of court |
| 148. | Jurisdiction of Federal Court |
| PART VII.1 ENFORCEMENT OF CERTAIN TRADE AGREEMENTS | |
| 148.1 | Application |
| 148.2 | Enforcement of order to pay tariff costs |
| 148.3 | Regulations |
| PART VIII MISCELLANEOUS | |
| 149. | Family law mediation and information services |
| 150. | Renewal of writs of execution issued before January 1, 1985 |
| 151. | References to counties for judicial purposes |
| 151.1 | Meaning unchanged |
| Schedule | |
Definitions
1 (1) In this Act,
“action” means a civil proceeding that is not an application and includes a proceeding commenced by,
(a) claim,
(b) statement of claim,
(c) notice of action,
(d) counterclaim,
(e) crossclaim,
(f) third or subsequent party claim, or
(g) divorce petition or counterpetition; (“action”)
“application” means a civil proceeding that is commenced by notice of application or by application; (“requête”)
“defendant” means a person against whom an action is commenced; (“défendeur”)
“hearing” includes a trial; (“audience”)
“motion” means a motion in a proceeding or an intended proceeding; (“motion”)
“order” includes a judgment or decree; (“ordonnance”)
“plaintiff” means a person who commences an action; (“demandeur”)
“region” means a region prescribed under section 79.1. (“région”) R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 1; 1993, c. 27, Sched.; 2006, c. 21, Sched. A, s. 1.
Application to other Acts
(2) This section applies to all other Acts affecting or relating to the courts and the administration of justice. 2006, c. 21, Sched. F, s. 106.
Section Amendments with date in force (d/m/y)
References to former names of courts
In English
1.1 (1) A reference in the English version of an Act, rule or regulation to a court or official by the former name of that court or the former title of that official set out in Column 1 of the following table or by a shortened version of that name or title is deemed, unless a contrary intention appears, to be a reference to the new name of that court or the new title of that official set out in Column 2.
Table
| Column 1 Former names and titles | Column 2 New names and titles |
| Ontario Court of Justice | Court of Ontario |
| Ontario Court (General Division) | Superior Court of Justice |
| Ontario Court (Provincial Division) | Ontario Court of Justice |
| Chief Justice of the Ontario Court of Justice | Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Justice |
| Associate Chief Justice of the Ontario Court of Justice | Associate Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Justice |
| Associate Chief Justice (Family Court) of the Ontario Court of Justice | Associate Chief Justice (Family Court) of the Superior Court of Justice |
| Chief Judge of the Ontario Court (Provincial Division) | Chief Justice of the Ontario Court of Justice |
| Associate Chief Judge of the Ontario Court (Provincial Division) | Associate Chief Justice of the Ontario Court of Justice |
| Associate Chief Judge-Co-ordinator of Justices of the Peace | Associate Chief Justice Co-ordinator of Justices of the Peace |
| Accountant of the Ontario Court | Accountant of the Superior Court of Justice |
2017, c. 20, Sched. 11, s. 7.
In French
(2) A reference in the French version of an Act, rule or regulation to a court or official by the former name of that court or the former title of that official set out in Column 1 of the following table or by a shortened version of that name or title is deemed, unless a contrary intention appears, to be a reference to the new name of that court or the new title of that official set out in Column 2.
Table
| Column 1 Former names and titles | Column 2 New names and titles |
| Cour de justice de l’Ontario | Cour de l’Ontario |
| Cour de l’Ontario (Division générale) | Cour supérieure de justice |
| Cour de l’Ontario (Division provinciale) | Cour de justice de l’Ontario |
| Juge en chef de la Cour de justice de l’Ontario | Juge en chef de la Cour supérieure de justice |
| Juge en chef adjoint de la Cour de justice de l’Ontario | Juge en chef adjoint de la Cour supérieure de justice |
| Juge en chef adjoint (Cour de la famille) de la Cour de justice de l’Ontario | Juge en chef adjoint (Cour de la famille) de la Cour supérieure de justice |
| Juge en chef de la Cour de l’Ontario (Division provinciale) | Juge en chef de la Cour de justice de l’Ontario |
| Juge en chef adjoint de la Cour de l’Ontario (Division provinciale) | Juge en chef adjoint de la Cour de justice de l’Ontario |
| Juge en chef adjoint-coordonnateur des juges de paix | Juge en chef adjoint et coordonnateur des juges de paix |
| Comptable de la Cour de l’Ontario | Comptable de la Cour supérieure de justice |
2017, c. 20, Sched. 11, s. 7.
Newer references to Ontario Court of Justice
(3) Subsections (1) and (2) do not apply to references to the Ontario Court of Justice enacted or made on or after April 19, 1999. 2017, c. 20, Sched. 11, s. 7.
Section Amendments with date in force (d/m/y)
PART I
COURT OF APPEAL FOR ONTARIO
Court of Appeal
2 (1) The Court of Appeal for Ontario is continued as a superior court of record under the name Court of Appeal for Ontario in English and Cour d’appel de l’Ontario in French.
Same
(2) The Court of Appeal has the jurisdiction conferred on it by this or any other Act, and in the exercise of its jurisdiction has all the powers historically exercised by the Court of Appeal for Ontario. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 2.
Composition of court
3 (1) The Court of Appeal shall consist of,
(a) the Chief Justice of Ontario, who shall be president of the court;
(b) the Associate Chief Justice of Ontario; and
(c) fourteen other judges.
Same
(2) The Lieutenant Governor in Council may by regulation increase the number of judges of the Court of Appeal who are in addition to the Chief Justice and the Associate Chief Justice.
Additional judges
(3) There shall be such additional offices of judge of the Court of Appeal as are from time to time required, to be held by Chief Justices of Ontario and Associate Chief Justices of Ontario who have elected under the Judges Act (Canada) to perform only the duties of a judge of the Court of Appeal.
Supernumerary judges
(4) There shall be such additional offices of supernumerary judge of the Court of Appeal as are from time to time required, to be held by judges of the Court of Appeal who have elected under the Judges Act (Canada) to hold office only as a supernumerary judge of the court. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 3.
Assignment of judges from Superior Court of Justice
4 (1) The Chief Justice of Ontario, with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Justice, may assign a judge of the Superior Court of Justice to perform the work of a judge of the Court of Appeal. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 4 (1); 1996, c. 25, s. 9 (14, 17).
Superior Court of Justice judges
(2) A judge of the Superior Court of Justice is, by virtue of his or her office, a judge of the Court of Appeal and has all the jurisdiction, power and authority of a judge of the Court of Appeal. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 4 (2); 1996, c. 25, s. 9 (17).
Section Amendments with date in force (d/m/y)
Powers and duties of Chief Justice
5 (1) The Chief Justice of Ontario has general supervision and direction over the sittings of the Court of Appeal and the assignment of the judicial duties of the court.
Absence of Chief Justice
(2) If the Chief Justice of Ontario is absent from Ontario or is for any reason unable to act, his or her powers and duties shall be exercised and performed by the Associate Chief Justice of Ontario.
Absence of Associate Chief Justice
(3) If the Chief Justice of Ontario and the Associate Chief Justice of Ontario are both absent from Ontario or for any reason unable to act, the powers and duties of the Chief Justice shall be exercised and performed by a judge of the Court of Appeal designated by the Chief Justice or Associate Chief Justice. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 5.
Court of Appeal jurisdiction
6 (1) An appeal lies to the Court of Appeal from,
(a) an order of the Divisional Court, on a question that is not a question of fact alone, with leave of the Court of Appeal as provided in the rules of court;
(b) a final order of a judge of the Superior Court of Justice, except an order referred to in clause 19 (1) (a) or an order from which an appeal lies to the Divisional Court under another Act;
(c) a certificate of assessment of costs issued in a proceeding in the Court of Appeal, on an issue in respect of which an objection was served under the rules of court;
(d) an order made under section 137.1. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 6 (1); 1994, c. 12, s. 1; 1996, c. 25, s. 9 (17); 2015, c. 23, s. 1.
Combining of appeals from other courts
(2) The Court of Appeal has jurisdiction to hear and determine an appeal that lies to the Divisional Court or the Superior Court of Justice if an appeal in the same proceeding lies to and is taken to the Court of Appeal. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 6 (2); 1996, c. 25, s. 9 (17).
Same
(3) The Court of Appeal may, on motion, transfer an appeal that has already been commenced in the Divisional Court or the Superior Court of Justice to the Court of Appeal for the purpose of subsection (2). R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 6 (3); 1996, c. 25, s. 9 (17).
Section Amendments with date in force (d/m/y)
Composition of court
Hearings
7 (1) A proceeding in the Court of Appeal shall be heard and determined by not fewer than three judges sitting together, and always by an uneven number of judges.
Motions
(2) A motion in the Court of Appeal and an appeal under clause 6 (1) (c) shall be heard and determined by one judge.
Same
(3) Subsection (2) does not apply to a motion for leave to appeal, a motion to quash an appeal or any other motion that is specified by the rules of court.
Same
(4) A judge assigned to hear and determine a motion may adjourn the motion to a panel of the Court of Appeal.
Same
(5) A panel of the Court of Appeal may, on motion, set aside or vary the decision of a judge who hears and determines a motion. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 7.
References to Court of Appeal
8 (1) The Lieutenant Governor in Council may refer any question to the Court of Appeal for hearing and consideration. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 8 (1).
Opinion of court
(2) The court shall certify its opinion to the Lieutenant Governor in Council, accompanied by a statement of the reasons for it, and any judge who differs from the opinion may certify his or her opinion and reasons in the same manner. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 8 (2).
Submissions by Attorney General
(3) On the hearing of the question, the Attorney General of Ontario is entitled to make submissions to the court. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 8 (3).
Same
(4) The Attorney General of Canada shall be notified and is entitled to make submissions to the court if the question relates to the constitutional validity or constitutional applicability of an Act, or of a regulation or by-law made under an Act, of the Parliament of Canada or the Legislature. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 8 (4).
Notice
(5) The court may direct that any person interested, or any one or more persons as representatives of a class of persons interested, be notified of the hearing and be entitled to make submissions to the court. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 8 (5).
Appointment of counsel
(6) If an interest affected is not represented by counsel, the court may request counsel to argue on behalf of the interest and the reasonable expenses of counsel shall be paid by the Minister of Finance. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 8 (6); 2006, c. 21, Sched. A, s. 2.
Appeal
(7) The opinion of the court shall be deemed to be a judgment of the court and an appeal lies from it as from a judgment in an action. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 8 (7).
Section Amendments with date in force (d/m/y)
Meeting of judges
9 (1) The judges of the Court of Appeal shall meet at least once in each year, on a day fixed by the Chief Justice of Ontario, in order to consider this Act, the rules of court and the administration of justice generally. R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, s. 9 (1).
(2) Repealed: 2009, c. 33, Sched. 2, s. 20 (1).
Section Amendments with date in force (d/m/y)
The National Human Rights Justice Administration
The National Human Rights Justice Administration / The Superior Court of Justice & The FBI Law Enforcement Agency is a National Israelite Government Institution.
All Rights Reserved.
ANY CORPORATE INSTITUTION THAT HAS COMMITTED A HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATONS AGAINST ANY IDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE PERSON / ISRAELITE FAMILY OR ISRAELITE BUSINESS, CAN BE FILED IMMEDIATELY WITH THE HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION / SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE TO FILE A CIVIL LAWSUIT AGAINST THE OFFENDING EMPLOYEE / INSTITUTION BY FILING YOUR HUMAN RIGHTS APPLICATION AT HUMANRIGHTS.COURTOFJUSTICE@GMAIL.COM
The Superior Court / The National Human Rights Justice Administration & The FBI Law Enforcement Agency are Federalized Institutions of The National Israelite Government Sovereignty. All Rights Reserved.
ANY PERSON WHO HAS BEEN THE VICTIM OF A HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION, FILE YOUR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION APPLICATION / CIVIL LAWSUIT APPLICATION WITH OUR SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION WHICH IS A DIVISION OF THE MOST HIGH SUPREME ISRAELITE COURT OF JUSTICE.
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION HOLDS EXCLUSIVE POWER & JURISDICTION OVER ALL LEGAL MATTERS, CIVIL LITIGATION CASES, HUMAN RIGHTS ADJUDICATION MATTERS & ALL APPLICATIONS INITIATED IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION. ANY DEFENDANT OR CORPORATE ENTITY WHO HAS BEEN SERVED CIVIL JUDGEMENT RESULTING FROM OUR SUPERIOR COURT'S JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS IS RESTRICTED / LIMITED TO FILING APPEAL / REVIEW OF JUDGEMENTS EXCLUSIVELY THROUGH OUR APPEAL COURT / SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE & MAY NOT INITIATE ANY EXTERNAL COURT PROCEEDING BASED ON THE SAME FACTS OR MATTERS INITIALLY PRESIDED OVER / ADJUDICATED BY OUR SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION. ALL OF OUR LEGAL MATTERS ARE STRICTLY RESERVED FOR ANY APPLICATION FOR APPEAL TO BE ADDRESSED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE LAWFUL ADJUDICATION POWERS OF THE MOST HIGH SUPREME ISRAELITE COURT OF JUSTICE / APPEALS COURT.
In any case where you were issued a Notice of Offense / Human Rights Law Violation or Corporate By-Law Violation, you must appear at the courthouse address on the date & time detailed on the court summons / fine notice issued to you by The National Civilian Human Rights Law Enforcement Agent to resolve the matter / have the fine reduced or stand trial for the offense / offenses. In any case that you do not appear, either you will be found guilty & liable for the fine / penalty in the amount charged up to $5000.00 maximum. If you were charged with any related criminal offense, a warrant will be issued for your arrest & you will face jail & prosecution by your local police & criminal court divisions.
For early resolution contact: CivilianGovernment.CourtJustice@Gmail.com
THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE UNITARY GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS & FREEDOMS:
1. EVERY INDIGENOUS / NEGRO ISRAELITE CITIZEN HAS THE RIGHT TO PEACE, SAFETY, SECURITY & FINANCIAL SUPPORT (WHETHER FROM ISRAELITE CURRENCY / CANADIAN CURRENCY OR NEW WORLD CURRENCY AND SLAVERY & OPPRESSION REPARATIONS CURRENCY / RACIAL DISCRIMINATION RETRIBUTION PAYMENTS (TOTALING A MINIMUM REQUIREMENT LOW INCOME RESTORATION RIGHT OF $24,900 ANNUALLY FOR TEN YEARS CONSECUTIVELY ADMINISTERED DIRECTLY TO THE SOVEREIGN AUTHORITY OF THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS NEGRO ISRAELITE UNITARY GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY) FOR US TO ADMINISTER TO OUR INDIGENOUS NEGRO ISRAELITE POPULATION THROUGH OUR SELF GOVERNED BANKING SYSTEM WITHOUT EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE AS INTERNATIONAL LAW REQUIRES & EACH ISRAELITE CITIZEN / GROUP HAS THE RIGHT TO SEEK REFUGE / HUMAN RIGHTS RESTORATION & PROTECTION FROM BEING LIMITED TO A STATUS OF POVERTY & RACIAL DISCRIMINATION ANYWHERE THEY RESIDE WITHIN THE BORDERS OF CANADA & ANYWHERE WITHIN THE NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT SOCIETY'S JURISDICTION. ALL ISRAELITE CITIZENS ALSO HAVE THE RIGHT TO REJECT & BE LAWFULLY PROTECTED FROM HARASSMENT, OFFENSIVE / THREATENING BEHAVIOR / INTIMIDATION / UNWANTED CONTACT OR UNWANTED VISITS FROM ANY PERSONS, GROUPS, ORGANIZATIONS OR SOCIETIES SUCH AS THE CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY OR ANY OTHER INTRUSIVE ORGANIZATIONS. SUCH ORGANIZATIONS ARE TO CONTACT THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS NEGRO ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY IN ANY CASE WHERE THEY HAVE ANY CONCERNS, AND DO NOT INTRUDE ON OUR PEOPLE'S PROPERTY OR INTERFERE WITH OUR PEOPLE'S LIVES IN ANY WAY, SHAPE OR FORM. WE RESERVE THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS AND AUTHORITY TO GOVERN AND ADMINISTER JUSTICE TO OUR OWN PEOPLE AND PROTECT OUR CITIZENS FROM BEING EXPLOITED OR INTERFERED WITH BY ANY NON ISRAELITE SOCIETY REGARDLESS OF WHETHER IT'S A SOCIAL / FAMILY MATTER, HUMAN RIGHTS OR LEGAL DISPUTE, EVERY INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE CITIZEN HAS THE RIGHT TO CLAIM ALL 30 OF THESE HUMAN RIGHTS & FREEDOMS ANYWHERE IN CANADA & BE PROVIDED WITH PROTECTION & LEGAL REPRESENTATION FREE OF CHARGE. ALSO, EVERY CITIZENS ADDRESS / OCCUPIED RESIDENCE / SCHOOL / PLACE OF EMPLOYMENT / VEHICLE OR ANY OTHER PLACE IN CANADA THAT THEY ARE PRESENT IN AT ANY GIVEN TIME, IS CONSIDERED AS TERRITORY WITHIN THE HUMAN RIGHTS / JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION ENFORCEMENT JURISDICTION OF THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE UNITARY GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY.
2. EVERY INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE CITIZEN HAS THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF CHOICE TO PURSUE THEIR LAWFUL FREE WILL; TO EXPLORE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES EQUALLY WITHOUT INTERFERENCE / DISCRIMINATION FROM OTHERS / LOCAL BANKING INSTITUTIONS & TO BE GRANTED NATIONAL ISRAELITE CURRENCY / CANADIAN CURRENCY/ WORLD CURRENCY / GOVERNMENTAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE / SLAVERY REPARATIONS AND RACIAL OPPRESSION RETRIBUTIONS THROUGH OUR NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT, THEREFORE, THE NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT BANKING ESTABLISHMENT HAS THE RIGHT TO BE MADE FINANCIALLY CAPABLE TO PROVIDE EACH INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP OF INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE CITIZENS WITH THE FINANCES REQUIRED FOR THEM TO PURSUE & ACCOMPLISH APPROVED BUSINESS GOALS & CORPORATE OPPORTUNITIES AS A FUNDAMENTAL SOCIAL JUSTICE / ECONOMIC EQUALITY RESTORATION RIGHT. THEREFORE, IT IS A FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE HUMAN RIGHT FOR THE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, THE HONORABLE PARLIAMENT OF CANADA, THE HONORABLE PRIME MINISTER JUSTIN TRUDEAU & THE HONORABLE MONARCHY OF CANADA (UNIFIED) TO ENSURE THAT THE NATIONAL NEGRO / ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT IS FINANCIALLY ENABLED / MADE CAPABLE OF PROVIDING THE NECESSARY SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE / SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS (WITHIN MINIMUM 5KM SQ. SEGREGATED GTA TERRITORY) WHICH THE NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT CAN UTILIZE TO PROVIDE SUBSTANTIALLY APPROPRIATE COMMUNITY RESOURCES (CONTAINING 25 HIGH-RISE APARTMENT BUILDINGS, GOVERNMENT / COURT BUILDINGS & A COMMERCIAL CORPORATE DISTRICT COMMUNITY) TO OUR MILLION+ INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE POPULATION, AND TO ENSURE THAT OUR NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY IS GRANTED FINANCIAL STABILITY EQUALLY OR AT LEAST "SUBSTANTIALLY SIMILAR" TO THE AMOUNTS OF FINANCES BEING ADMINISTERED TO OTHER GOVERNMENTS OF EQUALLY POPULATED CIVILIZED NATIONS - EQUALLY, WITHOUT DISCRIMINATION & THE DEPRIVATION OF FINANCES WE HAVE SUFFERED THROUGH UNJUSTIFIED, SINCE SLAVERY TO THIS VERY DAY (450 YRS)...
2B. THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE UNITARY GOVERNMENT HAS THE UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS TO BE FUNDED / FINANCED AS A GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION INDEPENDENTLY GOVERNING A POPULATION / ETHNIC NATION OF A MILLION PEOPLE (WHO HAVE BEEN IMPOVERISHED BY MAJORITY IN CANADA ALREADY) WHO REMAIN IN DESPERATE NEED OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND EQUALITY RESTORATIONS WITH SOCIAL JUSTICE & ECONOMIC EQUALITY AS A PRINCIPLE RESTORATION RIGHT, WE ARE DECLARING & REQUIRING TO BE RESTORED RESPECTIVELY IN THE NAME OF JUSTICE, BY THE HONORABLE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS & THE HONORABLE PARLIAMENT OF CANADA, THE HONORABLE PRIME MINISTER JUSTIN TRUDEAU & THE HONORABLE MONARCHY OF CANADA IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS & FREEDOMS, WITH ALL DUE RESPECT FOR THE HUMAN RIGHTS, LAW & JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION IN CANADA & THE UNITED NATIONS COLLECTIVELY.
22. EVERY INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE CITIZEN HAS THE RIGHT TO BE FREE FROM HOMELESSNESS, HUNGER OR ABUSIVE / OFFENSIVE ENVIRONMENTS / INDIVIDUALS.
23. EVERY INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE CITIZEN HAS THE RIGHT TO BE FREE FROM BEING SUBJECTED TO CRIMINAL ACTIVITY & FREE FROM HAVING ANY CRIMINAL / ILLEGAL ACTIVITY INTERFERING WITH COMMUNITY
PEACEFULNESS, SAFETY, SECURITY & OUR CITIZENS SENSE OF SAFETY, MORAL SURROUNDINGS & WELL BEING.
24. EVERY INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE CITIZEN HAS THE RIGHT TO BE FREE TO DEFEND ONES SELF, WEAR PROTECTIVE GEAR & CARRY A NON-LETHAL SELF DEFENSE WEAPON / DOG MACE TO PROTECT ONES FAMILY &
ONES ASSOCIATED RELATIVES / PEERS FROM THE DANGERS, THREATS & OBVIOUS VIOLENT OFFENDERS RUNNING RAMPANT IN CANADIAN SOCIETIES NATIONWIDE. (IT WOULD BE TOTALLY IRRATIONAL & UNJUST TO SUGGEST
THAT OUR CITIZENS WALK THE STREETS DEFENSELESS AS SELF DEFENSE IS ONE OF OUR MOST FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS WE REFUSE TO GIVE UP REGARDLESS OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES. IN ALL SITUATIONS, PEACE, LAW &
ORDER WILL BE MAINTAINED / ENFORCED WHENEVER POSSIBLE & WHENEVER NECESSARY WITHOUT SUGGESTING ANY USE OR CARRYING OF LETHAL / DEADLY WEAPONS REGARDLESS OF THE POTENTIAL THREAT WE MAY
ENCOUNTER.) DEADLY WEAPONS MAY ONLY BE UTILIZED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE NATIONAL ISRAELITE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENTS WITHIN OUR OWN NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT SOCIETY & ONLY IN LIFE THREATENING
SITUATIONS / THREATS TO OUR NATIONAL SECURITY.
ENFORCEMENT.
GOVERNMENT SOCIETIES & BE GRANTED EMPLOYMENT INCOME TO ACCOMMODATE THEIR EXPENSES & FAMILY
SUPPORT. IN CASES OF DISABILITY OR MENTAL ILLNESS, CITIZENS WILL BE GRANTED SOCIAL ASSISTANCE INCOME TO
ACCOMMODATE THEIR EXPENSES & FAMILY SUPPORT.
26B. INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE FEMALES ARE NOT EXPECTED TO WORK WITHIN OR ANYWHERE OUTSIDE OF THE COMMUNITY BUT ARE REQUIRED TO PARTICIPATE IN PART-TIME FAMILY COMMITMENTS / COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITIES AS DESCRIBED IN 1611 KJV BIBLE / APOCHRYPHA TO RECEIVE ADDITIONAL INCOME BENEFITS FROM THE NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT. NOTE; EACH CITIZEN ABOVE THE AGE OF 15, HAS THE RIGHT TO BE IN RECEIPT OF A MINIMUM ANNUAL INCOME OF $24,900/YR REGARDLESS OF THEIR CIRCUMSTANCES & TEENAGERS BETWEEN THE AGES OF 12 TO 15 WHO STILL LIVE UNDER THEIR PARENT / GUARDIANS RESIDENCE SHALL BE GRANTED A PERSONAL ALLOWANCE OF $12,500/YR TO COMPENSATE THEM FOR THEIR PERSONAL NECESSITIES, CLOTHING, FOOD, ADDITIONAL EXPENSES, SOCIAL / COMMUNITY INTERESTS & FOR THEIR PERSONAL WELL BEING ALLOWANCES)
26C. THE MORAL AGE OF SEXUAL CONSENT FOR A FEMALE IS 16 YRS OF AGE. ANY ADULT MAN / MALE ABOVE 15 YRS OLD CAUGHT SEXUALLY VIOLATING A FEMALE / CHILD UNDER THE AGE OF 16 FOR AN ADULT MAN OR VIOLATING A FEMALE CHILD UNDER THE AGE OF 13 FOR A 13, 14 OR 15 YR OLD MALE, IS UNLAWFUL AND THAT MALE WILL BE CRIMINALLY PROSECUTED & SEGREGATED FROM THE PUBLIC FREEDOM / PRESENCE OF TEENAGERS / CHILDREN REGARDLESS OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING THE OFFENSE. IMMORAL SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN GENERAL (HOMOSEXUALITY) IS PUNISHABLE / PROSECUTABLE BY LAW. BOYS AT THE AGES OF 11 & 12 YRS OLD MAY ALSO FACE PUNISHMENT FOR SEXUAL DEVIANCE / IMMORAL SEXUAL BEHAVIOR COMMITTED AGAINST CHILDREN.
27. EVERY INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE CITIZEN HAS THE RIGHT NOT TO BE SUBJECTED TO THE PAGAN / GENTILE RELIGIONS / TRADITIONS OR RACIAL DISCRIMINATION / HARASSMENT FROM OUTSIDE COMMUNITY INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS OR BUSINESS ENTITIES OR AUTHORITIES.
28. EVERY INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE CITIZEN / BIOLOGICAL PARENT (FATHER / MOTHER WHICHEVER APPLIES) HAS THE FULL AUTHORITY & HUMAN RIGHT TO PROTECT THEIR CHILDREN / FAMILY & TO HAVE COMPLETE DOMINION OVER HIS / HER FAMILY, BUSINESS & HOME AND TO DENY ANYBODY FROM ENTRY INTO THEIR HOME REGARDLESS OF WHICHEVER ORGANIZATION / WHATEVER MEMBER OF ANY SOCIAL INSTITUTION (LIKE THE CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY) OR WHOEVER ELSE, OUR ISRAELITE CITIZENS / PARENTS HAVE THE FULL RIGHT TO DENY ANY CONTACT WHATSOEVER & TO DENY THE ENTRY OF ANY ISRAELITE OR NON ISRAELITE / GOVERNMENT OR NON GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY CLAIMING TO HAVE ANY KIND OF AUTHORITY AT ALL, TO PROTECT / PREVENT UNLAWFUL ACCESS TO FAMILY MEMBERS & TO AVOID ANY RISKS OF FAMILY ENDANGERMENT / FAMILY INTERFERENCE / UNLAWFUL INTRUSION / TO PREVENT HOME INVASION AND TO PREVENT UNKNOWN, UNWANTED PERSONS FROM GAINING ACCESS INTO THE HOME, WHETHER THE UNKNOWN PARTY DEMANDS ACCESS TO FAMILY MEMBERS CLAIMING AUTHORITY OR NOT, OUR ISRAELITE CITIZENS RESERVE THE RIGHT TO DENY ACCESS TO ANYONE OR ANY SO-CALLED AUTHORITY, REGARDLESS OF THE SITUATION.
OUR CITIZENS ARE UNDER THE SOVEREIGN AUTHORITY, FREEDOM & SECURITY OF THE NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT, AND THE RIGHT NOT TO HAVE ANY UNINVITED STRANGERS / UNINVITED ENTITIES OR OUTSIDE FORCES INTERFERE WITH OR DEMAND TO ENTER OUR HOME OR THE BUSINESS PROPERTY OF ANY OF OUR ISRAELITE CITIZENS RESIDING THROUGHOUT THE SOCIETIES OF CANADA IS A FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHT TO SAFETY & SECURITY OF THE HOME / FAMILY OR PERSON THAT WE WILL NOT GIVE UP OR COMPROMISE REGARDLESS OF CIRCUMSTANCES. OUR CITIZENS RESERVE THE RIGHT TO REFUSE ENTRY & EVEN BARRICADE OUR DOORS TO PREVENT ANYONE FROM ENTERING WHEN IN FEAR OR DOUBTING OUR SAFETY FROM AN OUTSIDE PERSON / GROUP / ORGANIZATION / SOCIETY TRYING TO GAIN CONTACT / ACCESS WHETHER PEACEFULLY OR NOT, WE DON'T HAVE TO OPEN / ANSWER THE DOOR TO NOBODY UNINVITED / NO POTENTIAL THREAT, AND WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO BE CONSIDERED INNOCENT & NOT LIABLE TO FACE ANY LEGAL CONSEQUENCE OR FALSE CLAIM / ACCUSATION OF UNLAWFULNESS EVER BEING CHARGED AGAINST US IN THESE PARTICULAR MATTERS OF FAMILY / SAFETY REASSURANCES WITHIN OUR HOMES, REGARDLESS OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES.
29. (IN CASES WHERE SINGLE MOTHERS EXIST, THE MOTHER / THE NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT RETAINS / RESERVES FULL SOVEREIGN CUSTODY & AUTHORITY OVER ALL DECISIONS REGARDING THE CHILDREN'S HEALTH, CUSTODY, EDUCATION SOURCES, RESIDENCE & CHOICE OF CAREGIVERS, WE ALSO RESERVE FULL SOVEREIGN AUTHORITY OVER EXTERNAL GOVERNMENTS & SOCIETIES LIKE THE CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY IN FAMILY COURT MATTERS / COURT ORDERS / COURT JUDGEMENTS & OVER OUR ISRAELITE CHILDREN'S SAFETY STATUS / RESIDENCY DECISIONS. FURTHERMORE, OUR CHILDREN'S OVERALL WELL BEING DECISIONS WILL BE THE EXCLUSIVE, PRIVATE BUSINESS / INTERNAL GOVERNMENT FAMILY MATTERS RESERVED TO BE ADDRESSED EXCLUSIVELY UNDER THE DIRECT AUTHORITY OF THE NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT COURT OF JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION WITHOUT ANY INTERFERENCE TOLERATED BY ANY EXTERNAL GOVERNMENT / NON GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS OR NON ISRAELITE SOCIETIES, AS A FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHT & NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT FUNDAMENTAL RESERVATION OF AUTHORITY RIGHT OVER THE GOVERNING OF OUR PEOPLE'S FAMILY / SOCIAL / COMMUNITY MATTERS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ETHNIC NATIONALISM & NATIONAL SELF DETERMINATION STATUTES. ...
THAT DECISION IS A FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHT THAT IS NON-NEGOTIABLE & NOT TO BE COMPROMISED BY NO CANADIAN / NORTH AMERICAN / WORLD SOCIETY NOR ANY OTHER CHILD ORGANIZATIONS OF STRANGERS REGARDLESS OF WHATEVER THEY "CLAIM OR HEARSAY" REGARDING CHILD PROTECTION & SAFETY. IN ANY CASE WHERE CHILDREN ARE / WERE UNLAWFULLY TAKEN FROM THEIR ISRAELITE PARENTS / GUARDIANS CUSTODY WITHOUT A FINDING OF GUILT FOR AN OFFENSE COMMITTED BY THE PARENT AGAINST THE CHILD (IN WHICH CASE, THE PARENT RETAINS THE RIGHT TO HAVE A BLOOD RELATED FAMILY MEMBER APPROVED BY THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS NEGRO ISRAELITE UNITARY GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY, TAKE OVER FULL CUSTODY OF THE CHILD); IN ANY OTHER CIRCUMSTANCE, LAW & ORDER WILL BE EXECUTED IMMEDIATELY BY THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT HUMAN RIGHTS LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY TO HAVE THE UNLAWFULLY ABDUCTED CHILDREN (TAKEN BY CHILDREN'S AID TYPE SOCIETIES) RETURNED TO THEIR RIGHTFUL PARENT ASAP, WITHOUT DELAY & LEGAL ACTION WILL BE TAKEN IMMEDIATELY BY THE 1ST NATIONAL NEGRO ISRAELITE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS COUNCIL TO INITIATE THE LAYING OF CRIMINAL CHARGES & HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS / LAWSUITS AGAINST THE OFFENDING INDIVIDUALS / GROUPS / SOCIETIES & ORGANIZATIONS THAT DISPLACE ANY ISRAELITE CHILD FROM THEIR HOMES OR SCHOOLS OR DAYCARE LOCATIONS WITHOUT WARRANTED LEGAL JUDGEMENT DIRECTLY ADMINISTERED & BEING CARRIED OUT FROM THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE UNITARY GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENTS PERSONALLY & OUR FAMILY PROTECTION WEBSITE CAN BE REVIEWED AT: http://
(THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, THE CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS & FREEDOMS & THE CANADIAN CRIMINAL CODE ARE ALSO STRICTLY ENFORCED UNCONDITIONALLY & ALL NATIONAL INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE FAMILY MATTERS ARE TO BE HELD IN THE NATIONAL ISRAELITE UNITARY GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY COURT OF JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION UNCONDITIONALLY.
29A. EVERY QUALIFIED NATIONAL INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE CITIZEN HAS THE RIGHT TO BE ADMINISTERED THE AUTHORITY STATUS OF A NATIONAL CIVILIAN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENT. NATIONAL CIVILIAN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENTS HAVE THE SOVEREIGN RIGHTS TO: INDEPENDENTLY ASSIST WITH LOCAL / NATIONAL DUTIES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT / COMMUNITY SAFETY & PROTECTION, TO PARTICIPATE IN INDEPENDENT CRIME PREVENTION / CRIME REDUCTION STRATEGIES & TO ASSIST WITH MAINTAINING MORE PEACEFUL / MORE CIVIL SOCIETIES FOR OUR CITIZENS TO RESIDE IN WITHIN THE BORDERS OF CANADA. NATIONAL CIVILIAN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENTS RESERVE THE RIGHT TO EXERCISE AUTHORITY OVER HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATORS, CRIMINAL OFFENDERS & TO ENFORCE LAW & ORDER, ENFORCE CRIME PREVENTION, CONDUCT CITIZEN'S ARRESTS & SERVE LAWFUL NOTICES OF OFFENSES / FINES / COURT DATES AGAINST HUMAN RIGHTS LAW OFFENDERS, CRIMINAL CODE LAW OFFENDERS & ANY OFFENDERS / VIOLATORS OF ANY BY-LAWS, MANDATES OR REGULATIONS CONTAINED IN ANY OF OUR LAWFULLY REGISTERED CORPORATIONS / HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS / NATIONAL NEGRO ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATED CORPORATIONS, CONSTITUTIONS OR ANY CORPORATE MANDATES, BY-LAWS, REGULATIONS, PROVISIONS, STATUTES OR CORPORATION POLICIES LAWFULLY REGISTERED WITH CORPORATIONS CANADA BY OUR AUTHORIZED ASSOCIATIONS OR THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE UNITARY GOVERNMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
FINAL NATIONAL INDIGENOUS/ NEGRO / ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY SLAVERY REPARATIONS/ HUMAN RIGHTS RESTORATION / ETHNIC NATIONAL SELF DETERMINATION & NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE DECLARATION STATEMENTS BEING PROCLAIMED / REQUESTED IN THE NAME OF JUSTICE, TO THE HONORABLE UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL, THE HONORABLE WORLD BANK GROUP, THE HONORABLE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND ORGANIZATION, THE HONORABLE PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA; JUSTIN TRUDEAU, THE HONORABLE MONARCHY OF CANADA & THE HONORABLE PARLIAMENT OF CANADA;
PLEASE, RE-EVALUATE A JUSTIFIED AMOUNT TO ADMINISTER TO RE-ESTABLISH THE STABILITY OF
OUR NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY, PLEASE.... WE ARE NOT ASKING FOR ANY
LAND ANYWHERE ELSE EXCEPT FOR WHERE WE ALREADY CALL HOME HERE IN THE GTA AREA OF
CANADA. PLEASE RESTORE OUR HUMAN RIGHTS, & OUR SELF GOVERNANCE RIGHTS TO SOCIAL
JUSTICE & ECONOMIC EQUALITY / ETHNIC NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE / SELF DETERMINATION AS
AN EXISTING NATIONAL GOVERNMENT STILL DEPRIVED OF EQUALITY.
WE ARE THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS / NEGRO / ISRAELITE UNITARY GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY.
WE ARE YOUR FRIENDS, ALLIES & THE SYSTEMATICALLY OPPRESSED / FORMERLY ENSLAVED
CHILDREN OF GOD, PLEASE HELP US RESTORE OUR HUMAN RIGHTS TO SOCIAL JUSTICE, ECONOMIC
EQUALITY, ETHNIC NATIONALISM, SELF DETERMINATION & INDEPENDENCE, PLEASE...
ONTARIO, CANADA HAS MILLIONS OF ACRES OF UNOCCUPIED LAND WE CAN UTILIZE FOR THIS
HUMAN RIGHTS RESTORATION PLAN TO LEAD THE WORLD OUT OF THE HEARTFELT UNREPAIRED
CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY, SUFFERED BY OUR ISRAELITE PEOPLE, STRIVING TO OVERCOME A 400 YR
HISTORY OF UNJUSTIFIED, UNRESTORED SLAVERY / RACIAL OPPRESSION CYCLE, SUFFERED BY OUR
SURVIVING DESCENDANTS OF THE HORRIFIC TRANS ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE.
IN YOUR JUST DECISIONS MADE IN RIGHTEOUSNESS & REPARATIONAL CORRECTIONS & SUPPORT;
MAY THE MOST HIGH ALMIGHTY HEAVENLY FATHER GOD OF ALL CREATION - YAHAYAH, BLESS US
ALL WITH HIS MERCY, IN THE NAME OF OUR MESSIAH YAHSHYAH, THROUGH THE HEAVENLY HOLY
SPIRIT... HALLELLUYAH!!!
IN NO WAY, SHAPE OR FORM DOES THE ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT EVER INTEND TO PARTAKE IN ANY HOSTILITY OR CONFLICT AGAINST ANY OUTSIDE INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP OR NATIONAL AUTHORITY! THE ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT IS & ALWAYS WILL BE PEACEFUL, RESPECTFUL & INVITING TO ALL RACES OF PEOPLE, AND WE SOLEMNLY VOW TO PEACEFULLY & WILLINGLY CO-OPERATE WITH ALL NATIONAL AUTHORITIES LAW ENFORCEMENT EFFORTS & ALL CANADIAN NATIONAL GOVERNMENT'S PEACE KEEPING PROTOCOLS REGARDLESS OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES. THE ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT IS ALSO 100% WILLING TO PEACEFULLY CO-OPERATE WITH THE UNITED NATIONS / NATIONAL GOVERNMENT FORCES / LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES TO HELP KEEP THE PEACE, TO HELP APPREHEND ANY LAWBREAKERS WITHIN OUR SOCIETIES, TO HELP PREVENT UNLAWFUL BEHAVIOR & PROTECT OUR SOCIETIES FROM CRIMINAL ACTIVITY AT ALL TIMES WITHIN ANY ENVIRONMENT WHERE OUR ISRAELITE CITIZENS & GOVERNMENT ARE PERMITTED TO OCCUPY BY THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA,... AND THE ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT ALSO VOWS TO KEEP THE LAWS OF THE LAND, SPECIFICALLY, COMPLYING WITH & ENFORCING THE CANADIAN CRIMINAL CODE LAW & ALL INTERNATIONAL LAWS OF WORLD PEACE, COMMUNITY & PUBLIC SAFETY, HELPING TO ENSURE NATIONAL SECURITY, PROMISING PEACEFUL PUBLIC ASSEMBLY & FULL COMPLIANCE WITH THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS & FREEDOMS.
SIGNED ON FEB.26TH. 2019 BY THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS/NEGRO/ISRAELITE UNITARY GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY PRINCIPAL AUTHORITY: FOUNDER / PRESIDENT / PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR / SOVEREIGN CHIEF AMBASSADOR /CHIEF JUSTICE ADMINISTRATOR:
KING DAVID REINCARNATED (KING-DAVID BENYAHMIN-YAHUDAH YAHQUB-YSRYAHEL) aka MR.A.MILLER & Supporting Israelite Government Officials
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION & THE MOST HIGH SUPREME ISRAELITE COURT OF JUSTICE & APPEALS COURT ARE DIVISIONS OF THE NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY AND OUR JUDICIAL SYSTEM IS STRUCTURED ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THE COURT SYSTEM OF CANADA.
NOTICE: ALL SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION COURT PROCEEDINGS & ALL SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE & APPEALS COURT PROCEEDINGS / COURT DECISIONS ARE EXCLUSIVELY ADJUDICATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS CODE, THE CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS & FREEDOMS CODE, THE CRIMINAL CODE OF CANADA & THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS ISRAELITE DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS & FREEDOMS CODE AND ALL COURT CASE ADJUDICATION REMAINS UNDER THE EXCLUSIVE DIRECTION & POWERS OF THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE MOST HIGH SUPREME COURT & THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION. CIVIL PROCEEDINGS AND HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE PROCEEDINGS WILL BE ADJUDICATED & CONDUCTED BY THE JUDGES PANEL APPOINTED TO PRESIDE OVER EACH PARTICULAR CIVIL MATTER & WILL BE ADJUDICATED IN PRIVATE COUNCIL MEETINGS BETWEEN PLAINTIFF / VICTIM'S, WITNESSES & DEFENDANT'S / DEFENDANT'S LAWYER'S TO DETERMINE THE FACTS OF THE MATTER, TO DETERMINE THE VALIDITY OF EVIDENCE & TO ASSESS THE CREDIBILITY OF STATEMENTS SUBMITTED FOR EACH CASE BEING EVALUATED BEFORE THE COURT.
A MEMBER OF THE JUDICIAL PANEL WILL MAKE A RELIABLE RECORD OF ALL SUBMISSIONS GIVEN IN EACH PARTICULAR MATTER WHICH WILL BE ASSESSED & EVALUATED BY THE APPOINTED JUDGES PANEL TO DETERMINE THE FINAL JUDGEMENT OF ANY LEGAL / CIVIL MATTER BEING ADJUDICATED BY THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION OR THE MOST HIGH SUPREME ISRAELITE COURT OF JUSTICE & APPEALS COURT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE INTERNATIONAL LAWS OF ETHNIC NATIONALISM / NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY.
National sovereignty is the International law stating that independent nations, which have declared their independence, have an organized government and are self-contained, have a right to exist & govern their own affairs without other nations interfering. It is essentially the unspoken rule of a nation's right to exist & govern itself & it's social institutions independently, without interference from external governments even when the sovereign nation exists within the territory of another sovereign nation.
How the Court System of Canada is Organized
Each type of court has its own jurisdiction, which means that it has the authority to decide specific types of cases. Canada has four levels of court.
- Provincial and territorial (lower) courts: These courts handle most cases that come into the system. They are established by provincial and territorial governments.
- Provincial and territorial superior courts: These are courts of plenary, or complete, jurisdiction established under section 96 of the Constitution Act, 1867. They deal with more serious crimes and also hear appeals from provincial and territorial courts. The Federal Court is on the same level, but is responsible for deciding civil matters assigned to it by statute, such as immigration and patents.
- Provincial and territorial courts of appeal and the Federal Court of Appeal.
- The Supreme Court of Canada, which is the final court of appeal for Canada.
Provincial/territorial courts
Each province and territory has a provincial/territorial court and hears cases involving either federal or provincial/territorial laws.
In Nunavut, the Nunavut Court of Justice, which is Canada’s only single-level trial court, combines the power of the superior trial court and the territorial court so that the same judge can hear all cases that arise in the territory.
Provincial/territorial courts deal with:
- most criminal offences, except the most serious ones;
- family law matters (e.g., child support, child protection, adoption, but not divorce);
- young persons from 12 to 17 years old in conflict with the law;
- traffic and bylaw violations;
- provincial/territorial regulatory offences;
- claims involving money, up to a certain amount (set by the province or territory in question);
- small claims (civil cases that resolve private disputes involving limited sums of money); and
- all preliminary inquiries (hearings to determine whether there is enough evidence to justify a full trial in serious criminal cases).
Outline of Canada's Court System
Outline of Canada’s Court System – Text version
Some courts at this level are dedicated to particular types of offences or groups of offenders. One example is the Drug Treatment Court. The object of these courts is to address the needs of non-violent offenders who are charged with criminal offences that were motivated by their addiction. Those who qualify are offered judicial supervision and treatment for their addiction, with the help of community support services.
Youth courts handle cases for young people 12 to 17 years old who are charged with an offence under federal youth justice laws. Youth courts provide protections appropriate to the age of the accused, including protecting his or her privacy. Any court at either the provincial/territorial or superior court level can be designated a youth court.
All provinces and territories have established Domestic Violence Courts so that the justice system can improve its response to incidents of spousal abuse, provide better support to victims, and make offenders more accountable. These courts do this by
- decreasing court processing time;
- increasing prosecution rates;
- providing a focal point for programs and services for victims and offenders; and
- allowing police, Crown prosecutors, and, in some cases, the judiciary to specialize in domestic violence matters.
Provincial/territorial superior courts
Each province and territory has superior courts, which are courts of “inherent jurisdiction.” This means that they can hear cases in any area except when a statute or rule limits that authority. The superior courts try the most serious criminal and civil cases. These include divorce cases and cases that involve large amounts of money (the minimum is set by the province or territory in question). The jurisdiction of superior courts originally came from the first courts in England, whose authority over government actions was based on Magna Carta. Proceedings in superior courts are thus a continuation of a court process that dates right back to the beginnings of the common law system.
The superior courts also act as a court of first appeal for the provincial and territorial courts that the provinces and territories maintain. Although the provinces and territories administer superior courts, the federal government appoints and pays the judges.
Although there are permanent court houses and judicial centres in all of Canada’s provinces and territories, Canada’s population is scattered widely across huge expanses of land, and it may be difficult for individuals to travel to a court house to have their matter heard. In response, courts often travel "on circuit" to small or isolated areas.
For example, in Nunavut, most of the communities are small and isolated from Iqaluit, the capital, so the court travels to them. The circuit court includes a judge, a clerk, a court reporter, a prosecutor, and at least one defence attorney. Interpreters are hired in the communities when possible, or travel with the circuit court when necessary. The court holds regular sessions in Iqaluit and flies to about 85 percent of all 25 communities in Nunavut, as often as every six weeks or as seldom as every two years, depending on how often it’s needed.
Family courts
In most provinces and territories, the superior court has special divisions, such as the family division. Some superior courts have established specialized family courts to deal with specific family law matters, including divorce and property claims.
Several provinces (Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan) use unified family courts. This allows a single court to deal with all aspects of family law, using specialized superior court judges and services. These courts encourage constructive, non-adversarial techniques to resolve issues, and provide access to support services through community organizations. These services typically include such programs as parent-education sessions, mediation, and counselling.
Provincial/territorial courts of appeal
Each province and territory also has a court of appeal. These courts hear appeals from the decisions of the superior courts and the provincial/territorial courts. These can include commercial disputes, property disputes, negligence claims, family disputes, bankruptcies, and corporate reorganizations. Appeals are usually heard by a panel of three judges. The courts of appeal also hear constitutional questions that may be raised in appeals involving individuals, governments, or governmental agencies.
How Does Canada’s Court System Work?
Courts in Canada help people resolve disputes fairly – whether they are between individuals, or between individuals and the state. At the same time, courts interpret and pronounce law, set standards, and decide questions that affect all aspects of Canadian society.
Canada’s judiciary is one branch of our system of government, the others being the legislature and the executive. Whereas the judiciary resolves disputes according to law – including disputes about how legislative and executive powers are exercised – the legislature (Parliament) has the power to make, alter and repeal laws. The executive branch (in particular, the prime minister and ministers, the public service, as well as a variety of agencies, boards, and commissions) is responsible for administering and enforcing the laws.
The courts interpret and apply the Constitution, as well as legislation passed by both levels of government. They also develop and apply the common law.
Independent courts are the hallmark of a strong democratic society.
Canada’s system of courts is complex. Each province and territory has its own courts, as well as courts that have national jurisdiction. The Supreme Court of Canada presides over the entire system.
The courts’ primary task is administering justice – that is, ensuring that disputes are settled and crimes are prosecuted fairly and in accordance with Canada’s legal and constitutional structure. The provinces and territories are responsible for providing everything the courts under their jurisdiction need, from building and maintaining the courthouses, to providing staff and resources, such as interpreters, court reporters to prepare transcripts, sheriffs, and registry services, to paying provincial/territorial court judges. The federal government appoints and pays judges for the superior courts in each province, as well as judges at the federal level. It is also responsible for the administration of the Supreme Court of Canada and federally created courts.
Most disputes are settled before they are heard by a judge.
Courts are not the only mechanism for settling differences between people. Less formal processes include alternative dispute resolution, private commercial arbitration, and appearing before administrative boards and tribunals. Even for issues that never get to court, court decisions influence people’s choices and actions. They provide guidance on what the law is, and how people should conduct themselves to ensure they are in compliance with it.
In the sections that follow we explain the structure of the court system – how the courts are organized and how the various elements connect to one another. The final section looks at some of the principles and institutions that help keep Canada’s court system fair and independent.
Courts and Other Bodies Under Federal Jurisdiction
The federal court system runs parallel to the provincial and territorial court systems and consists of the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal. The judges of these courts (as well as the Tax Court of Canada, described below) are based in Ottawa, but travel across the country to hear cases. They deal with certain matters specified in federal statutes (laws), such as immigration and refugee law, navigation and shipping, intellectual property, and tax. They can also deal with matters of national defence, security, and international relations.
The Federal Court
The Federal Court is Canada’s national trial court. It hears and decides federal legal disputes whose subject matter has been assigned to the Court by Parliament.
These disputes include
- claims against the Government of Canada;
- civil suits between private parties in federally-regulated areas; and
- reviews of the decisions of most federal tribunals.
The Federal Court’s jurisdiction includes
- interprovincial and many federal-provincial disputes;
- immigration and refugee matters;
- intellectual property proceedings (e.g., copyright);
- citizenship appeals;
- Competition Act cases; and
- cases involving Crown corporations or departments of the Government of Canada.
The federal courts have the power to review decisions, orders, and other administrative actions of most federal boards, commissions, and tribunals. That means most federal government decisions can be challenged in a federal court. With some exceptions, those bodies may refer questions of law, jurisdiction, or practice to one of the federal courts at any stage of a proceeding.
In some areas of law, such as maritime law, the Federal Court shares jurisdiction with the provincial superior courts. It also has concurrent jurisdiction with respect to civil claims against the federal government.
The Federal Court of Appeal
The Federal Court of Appeal hears appeals from the Federal Court and the Tax Court of Canada, and judicial reviews of certain federal tribunals listed in the Federal Courts Act. Like provincial and territorial courts of appeal, its decisions can only be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada. The Court hears most legal matters under federal jurisdiction or that involve the federal government.
It has three basic roles:
- to ensure that federal law is applied consistently throughout Canada;
- to conduct judicial reviews of specified federal decision makers, as listed in section 28 of the Federal Courts Act; and
- to provide an avenue of appeal from decisions of the Federal Court and the Tax Court of Canada.
Specialized Federal Courts
The federal government has created specialized courts to deal more effectively with certain areas of the law. These include the Tax Court of Canada and the courts that serve the military justice system: the military courts and the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada. These courts have been created by statute and can only decide matters that fall within the jurisdiction given to them by those statutes. The Tax Court thus deals with tax matters defined under the Tax Court of Canada Act and the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada hears appeals from courts martial.
The Tax Court of Canada
The Tax Court of Canada is a superior court that determines cases and appeals about matters that arise under federal tax and revenue legislation. The Tax Court of Canada hears disputes between the federal government and taxpayers after the taxpayer has pursued all other avenues provided for by the Income Tax Act. The Tax Court is independent of the Canada Revenue Agency and all other government departments.
Military Courts
Military courts, or courts martial, are established under the National Defence Act to hear cases involving the Code of Service Discipline. The Code applies to all members of the Canadian Forces as well as civilians who accompany the Forces on active service. It lays out a system of disciplinary offences designed to further the good order and proper functioning of the Canadian Forces.
The Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada hears appeals from military courts. Judges in the Court Martial Appeal Court are selected from the federal courts and other superior courts throughout the country. Like other courts of appeal, a panel of three judges hears cases in the Court Martial Appeal Court.
The Supreme Court of Canada
The Supreme Court of Canada is the final court of appeal from all other Canadian courts. It has jurisdiction over disputes in all areas of the law. These include constitutional law, administrative law, criminal law, and civil law. The Court does not hold trials, but hears appeals from all other Canadian appeal courts.
The Court consists of a Chief Justice and eight other justices. Members of the Court are appointed by the federal government as new vacancies occur. Three judges traditionally come from Ontario, two from Western Canada, and one from the Atlantic provinces. In addition, the Supreme Court Act requires that at least three judges must come from Quebec.
The Supreme Court sits in Ottawa for three sessions a year - winter, spring, and fall. Each year the Supreme Court considers an average of between 500 to 600 applications for leave to appeal and hears 65 to 80 appeals.
What Kinds of Cases Does the Supreme Court of Canada Hear?
The Supreme Court of Canada only hears cases that it considers to be of public importance and to have national significance. That could mean a case that raises an important issue of law, or mixed law and fact, or if the matter is, for any other reason, significant enough to be considered by the country’s highest court. In limited instances, there may also be an appeal as of right. Judgements of the Supreme Court are listed at http://www.scc-csc-gc.ca/home-accueil/index-eng.aspx.
Before a case can reach the Supreme Court of Canada, it must have used up all available appeals at other levels of court. Even then, the court usually must grant permission or “leave” to appeal before it will hear the case. Leave applications are usually made in writing and reviewed by three members of the court. They then grant or deny the request without providing reasons for the decision.
Did you know?
Each year the Supreme Court considers an average of between 500 to 600 applications for leave to appeal and hears 65 to 80 appeals.
The right to appeal is automatic in certain situations. For instance, no leave is required in criminal cases where a judge on the panel of a court of appeal has disagreed, or dissented, on how the law should be interpreted. It is also not required when a court of appeal has found someone guilty who had been acquitted at the original trial. That person automatically has the right to appeal to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court can also be asked by the Governor in Council to hear references. These are important questions of law, such as the constitutionality or interpretation of federal or provincial legislation, on which the Court is asked to give its opinion before an actual legal dispute arises. The federal government may ask the Court to consider questions on any important matter of law or fact, especially about how to interpret the Constitution. The Court may also be asked to interpret federal or provincial/territorial legislation or the powers of Parliament or the legislatures. Provincial and territorial courts of appeal may also be asked to hear references from their respective governments, which are then sometimes appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada.
Administrative Tribunals and Boards
Different kinds of administrative tribunals and boards deal with disputes over the interpretation and application of laws and regulations, such as entitlement to employment insurance or disability benefits, refugee claims, and human rights.
Administrative tribunals are less formal than courts and are not part of the court system. However, they play an essential role in resolving disputes in Canadian society. Decisions of administrative tribunals may be reviewed in court to ensure that tribunals act fairly and according to the law.
The Judiciary
Judicial independence
Judicial independence is a cornerstone of the Canadian judicial system. That is why, under the Constitution, the judiciary is separate from and independent of the other two branches of government, the executive and legislature. Judicial independence guarantees that judges will be able to make decisions free of influence and based solely on fact and law.
Nothing is more important in our justice system than having independent judges.
The principle of judicial independence has three components:
- Security of tenure
- Once appointed, a judge is eligible to serve on the bench until retirement (age 75 for federally appointed judges, age 70 in some provincial/territorial jurisdictions). Judges can be removed by a joint address of Parliament or a provincial legislature, only after an independent and impartial investigation shows that there is good reason (see Judicial Conduct, below).
- Financial security
- Judges must be guaranteed sufficient compensation (including salary and pension) so they are not subject to pressure for financial considerations. In Canada, governments cannot change judges’ salaries or benefits without first receiving the recommendations of an independent compensation commission.
- Administrative independence
- No one can interfere with how courts manage the legal process and exercise their judicial functions. For example, only the chief justice can choose how cases are assigned to the judges of his or her court.
Several institutions have been established to support judicial independence: these include the Canadian Judicial Council, the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs, the National Judicial Institute and the Courts Administration Service. They help keep the government and the judiciary separate in areas like discipline, pay and benefits, and continuing education for judges.
How are judges appointed?
The federal government appoints judges to the federal courts, the superior courts of the provinces/territories, and the Supreme Court of Canada. The Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs administers the advisory committees, representing each province and territory, which assess the qualifications of the lawyers who apply for federal judicial appointments. For example, a candidate for a federal appointment must have been a lawyer for at least ten years to be appointed and must be qualified to practise law in the jurisdiction in question.
The provincial and territorial governments appoint judges to provincial and territorial courts. There are similar eligibility requirements for provincial and territorial appointments.
All federally appointed judges are appointed by the Governor in Council. This consists of the Governor General acting on the advice of the Prime Minister for judges of the Supreme Court of Canada and chief and associate chief justices in the provinces; and on the advice of the Minister of Justice for all other superior court judges.
What training do judges receive?
In general, most judges have spent years in courtrooms or in the practice of law, and have extensive knowledge of court processes and the role of the judge. Once they are appointed, they can refine that knowledge by enrolling in educational programs at both the provincial/territorial and federal levels on all aspects of judging, as well as specific substantive areas of the law. The National Judicial Institute delivers programs for all federal, provincial, and territorial judges. The Institute is funded by each level of government, and regularly offers courses for new judges.
Judicial conduct
Each jurisdiction in Canada has a judicial council that is responsible for promoting and administering professional standards and conduct. For provincially and territorially appointed judges, each province or territory has a judicial council. Its members include judges, lawyers, and members of the general public. Judicial councils develop policies and codes of conduct to provide guidance for judges.
The Canadian Judicial Council (CJC) is responsible for federally appointed judges. It consists of the chief justices and associate chief justices of all of the federal courts and provincial/territorial superior courts. It promotes efficiency, consistency, and quality judicial service in these courts. One of the Council’s tasks is to investigate complaints and allegations of misconduct of federally appointed judges. The CJC has also developed a set of Ethical Principles for Judges. Their purpose is to help judges ensure that they maintain their independence, integrity, and impartiality.
If it finds evidence of serious misconduct, the CJC may recommend to the Minister of Justice that the judge be removed from office. The Minister of Justice may then seek the necessary approval of both the House of Commons and the Senate to have the judge removed from office. The removal processes for provincial/territorial judges vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but are similarly developed to protect judicial independence and ensure that the process operates independently.
Relevant laws relating to the judiciary
The manner in which judges are appointed and administered is governed by Part VII of the Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982 and the Judges Act. The Justice Laws website provides the texts of these acts. Provincial and territorial statutes and regulations can be found on the websites of the respective jurisdictions.
The following organizations also support judges in Canada:
About the council
The Canadian Judicial Council is a federal body created under the Judges Act with the mandate to promote efficiency, uniformity, and accountability, and to improve the quality of judicial service in the superior courts of Canada.
The Council is also mandated to review any complaint or allegation against a superior court judge or a prothonotary of the Federal Court.
The Council is chaired by the Chief Justice of Canada, currently the Right Honourable Richard Wagner. There are 38 other Council members, who are the chief justices and associate chief justices of Canada’s superior courts, the senior judges of the territorial courts, and the Chief Justice of the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada.
Please explore our website, where in this section, you will learn about the following:
Mandate and Powers
How the Council works and the powers that it holds.
Council’s role in Conduct Matters
The authority of Council to review the conduct of federal judges.
Committees
Council does much of its work through permanent and standing committees.
Members and Staff
Supporting the work of Council is a small but dedicated team of professionals.
Expected Conduct of Judges
As Canadians, we expect our judges to display a high standard of personal conduct – both on and off the Bench.
If you believe that a judge has come to the wrong decision, you may wish to appeal that decision to a higher court.
If you believe that a judge has behaved in a way that is of concern, you may wish to make a complaint to the Council.
Consult our pamphlet on The Conduct of Judges and the Role of the Canadian Judicial Council.
In this section of our website, you can access the following information:
Judicial Conduct
Learn about the expected conduct of judges and the role of the Canadian Judicial Council.
Review the Ethical Principles for Judges that help guide the personal and professional conduct of our judges.
Making A Complaint
Find out how to make a complaint if you have a concern about a federal judge's conduct.
Access our Review Procedures.
Previous Complaints Online
View sample complaints from 1990 to 2012 here.
Inquiry Committee Decisions
Some conduct matters form the basis of Inquiry Committees. Find out about the outcomes of past Inquiry Committees.
For Lawyers and Judges
The work of Council is guided by established procedures and policies, by-laws and other legal resources, accessed here.
Review Procedures
All complaints made against federal judges are reviewed in accordance with the Review Procedures.
Inquiries and Investigation By-laws and Policies
On conduct matters that may warrant further inquiry, a complaint may be referred to a Panel or a Public Inquiry Committee. The Canadian Judicial Council Inquiries and Investigation By-laws provide formal direction to these activities. Additional policies to add clarity to certain aspects of Inquiry Committees have also recently been adopted.
Jury Instructions
Council is also active in drafting instructions for use by judges in communicating with juries on important matters. Model Jury Instructions can be accessed here.
If you are looking for information on:
Appointments to the Bench
Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs Canada
Judicial Education
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION & THE MOST HIGH SUPREME ISRAELITE COURT OF JUSTICE & APPEALS COURT ARE DIVISIONS OF THE NATIONAL ISRAELITE GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY AND OUR JUDICIAL SYSTEM IS STRUCTURED ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THE COURT SYSTEM OF CANADA.
NOTICE: ALL SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION COURT PROCEEDINGS & ALL SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE & APPEALS COURT PROCEEDINGS / COURT DECISIONS ARE EXCLUSIVELY ADJUDICATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS CODE, THE CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS & FREEDOMS CODE, THE CRIMINAL CODE OF CANADA & THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS ISRAELITE DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS & FREEDOMS CODE AND ALL COURT CASE ADJUDICATION REMAINS UNDER THE EXCLUSIVE DIRECTION & POWERS OF THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE MOST HIGH SUPREME COURT & THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION. CIVIL PROCEEDINGS AND HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE PROCEEDINGS WILL BE ADJUDICATED & CONDUCTED BY THE JUDGES PANEL APPOINTED TO PRESIDE OVER EACH PARTICULAR CIVIL MATTER & WILL BE ADJUDICATED IN PRIVATE COUNCIL MEETINGS BETWEEN PLAINTIFF / VICTIM'S, WITNESSES & DEFENDANT'S / DEFENDANT'S LAWYER'S TO DETERMINE THE FACTS OF THE MATTER, TO DETERMINE THE VALIDITY OF EVIDENCE & TO ASSESS THE CREDIBILITY OF STATEMENTS SUBMITTED FOR EACH CASE BEING EVALUATED BEFORE THE COURT.
A MEMBER OF THE JUDICIAL PANEL WILL MAKE A RELIABLE RECORD OF ALL SUBMISSIONS GIVEN IN EACH PARTICULAR MATTER WHICH WILL BE ASSESSED & EVALUATED BY THE APPOINTED JUDGES PANEL TO DETERMINE THE FINAL JUDGEMENT OF ANY LEGAL / CIVIL MATTER BEING ADJUDICATED BY THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION OR THE MOST HIGH SUPREME ISRAELITE COURT OF JUSTICE & APPEALS COURT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE INTERNATIONAL LAWS OF ETHNIC NATIONALISM / NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY.
National sovereignty is the International law stating that independent nations, which have declared their independence, have an organized government and are self-contained, have a right to exist & govern their own affairs without other nations interfering. It is essentially the unspoken rule of a nation's right to exist & govern itself & it's social institutions independently, without interference from external governments even when the sovereign nation exists within the territory of another sovereign nation.
How the Court System of Canada is Organized
Each type of court has its own jurisdiction, which means that it has the authority to decide specific types of cases. Canada has four levels of court.
- Provincial and territorial (lower) courts: These courts handle most cases that come into the system. They are established by provincial and territorial governments.
- Provincial and territorial superior courts: These are courts of plenary, or complete, jurisdiction established under section 96 of the Constitution Act, 1867. They deal with more serious crimes and also hear appeals from provincial and territorial courts. The Federal Court is on the same level, but is responsible for deciding civil matters assigned to it by statute, such as immigration and patents.
- Provincial and territorial courts of appeal and the Federal Court of Appeal.
- The Supreme Court of Canada, which is the final court of appeal for Canada.
Provincial/territorial courts
Each province and territory has a provincial/territorial court and hears cases involving either federal or provincial/territorial laws.
In Nunavut, the Nunavut Court of Justice, which is Canada’s only single-level trial court, combines the power of the superior trial court and the territorial court so that the same judge can hear all cases that arise in the territory.
Provincial/territorial courts deal with:
- most criminal offences, except the most serious ones;
- family law matters (e.g., child support, child protection, adoption, but not divorce);
- young persons from 12 to 17 years old in conflict with the law;
- traffic and bylaw violations;
- provincial/territorial regulatory offences;
- claims involving money, up to a certain amount (set by the province or territory in question);
- small claims (civil cases that resolve private disputes involving limited sums of money); and
- all preliminary inquiries (hearings to determine whether there is enough evidence to justify a full trial in serious criminal cases).
Outline of Canada's Court System
Outline of Canada’s Court System – Text version
Some courts at this level are dedicated to particular types of offences or groups of offenders. One example is the Drug Treatment Court. The object of these courts is to address the needs of non-violent offenders who are charged with criminal offences that were motivated by their addiction. Those who qualify are offered judicial supervision and treatment for their addiction, with the help of community support services.
Youth courts handle cases for young people 12 to 17 years old who are charged with an offence under federal youth justice laws. Youth courts provide protections appropriate to the age of the accused, including protecting his or her privacy. Any court at either the provincial/territorial or superior court level can be designated a youth court.
All provinces and territories have established Domestic Violence Courts so that the justice system can improve its response to incidents of spousal abuse, provide better support to victims, and make offenders more accountable. These courts do this by
- decreasing court processing time;
- increasing prosecution rates;
- providing a focal point for programs and services for victims and offenders; and
- allowing police, Crown prosecutors, and, in some cases, the judiciary to specialize in domestic violence matters.
Provincial/territorial superior courts
Each province and territory has superior courts, which are courts of “inherent jurisdiction.” This means that they can hear cases in any area except when a statute or rule limits that authority. The superior courts try the most serious criminal and civil cases. These include divorce cases and cases that involve large amounts of money (the minimum is set by the province or territory in question). The jurisdiction of superior courts originally came from the first courts in England, whose authority over government actions was based on Magna Carta. Proceedings in superior courts are thus a continuation of a court process that dates right back to the beginnings of the common law system.
The superior courts also act as a court of first appeal for the provincial and territorial courts that the provinces and territories maintain. Although the provinces and territories administer superior courts, the federal government appoints and pays the judges.
Although there are permanent court houses and judicial centres in all of Canada’s provinces and territories, Canada’s population is scattered widely across huge expanses of land, and it may be difficult for individuals to travel to a court house to have their matter heard. In response, courts often travel "on circuit" to small or isolated areas.
For example, in Nunavut, most of the communities are small and isolated from Iqaluit, the capital, so the court travels to them. The circuit court includes a judge, a clerk, a court reporter, a prosecutor, and at least one defence attorney. Interpreters are hired in the communities when possible, or travel with the circuit court when necessary. The court holds regular sessions in Iqaluit and flies to about 85 percent of all 25 communities in Nunavut, as often as every six weeks or as seldom as every two years, depending on how often it’s needed.
Family courts
In most provinces and territories, the superior court has special divisions, such as the family division. Some superior courts have established specialized family courts to deal with specific family law matters, including divorce and property claims.
Several provinces (Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan) use unified family courts. This allows a single court to deal with all aspects of family law, using specialized superior court judges and services. These courts encourage constructive, non-adversarial techniques to resolve issues, and provide access to support services through community organizations. These services typically include such programs as parent-education sessions, mediation, and counselling.
Provincial/territorial courts of appeal
Each province and territory also has a court of appeal. These courts hear appeals from the decisions of the superior courts and the provincial/territorial courts. These can include commercial disputes, property disputes, negligence claims, family disputes, bankruptcies, and corporate reorganizations. Appeals are usually heard by a panel of three judges. The courts of appeal also hear constitutional questions that may be raised in appeals involving individuals, governments, or governmental agencies.
How Does Canada’s Court System Work?
Courts in Canada help people resolve disputes fairly – whether they are between individuals, or between individuals and the state. At the same time, courts interpret and pronounce law, set standards, and decide questions that affect all aspects of Canadian society.
Canada’s judiciary is one branch of our system of government, the others being the legislature and the executive. Whereas the judiciary resolves disputes according to law – including disputes about how legislative and executive powers are exercised – the legislature (Parliament) has the power to make, alter and repeal laws. The executive branch (in particular, the prime minister and ministers, the public service, as well as a variety of agencies, boards, and commissions) is responsible for administering and enforcing the laws.
The courts interpret and apply the Constitution, as well as legislation passed by both levels of government. They also develop and apply the common law.
Independent courts are the hallmark of a strong democratic society.
Canada’s system of courts is complex. Each province and territory has its own courts, as well as courts that have national jurisdiction. The Supreme Court of Canada presides over the entire system.
The courts’ primary task is administering justice – that is, ensuring that disputes are settled and crimes are prosecuted fairly and in accordance with Canada’s legal and constitutional structure. The provinces and territories are responsible for providing everything the courts under their jurisdiction need, from building and maintaining the courthouses, to providing staff and resources, such as interpreters, court reporters to prepare transcripts, sheriffs, and registry services, to paying provincial/territorial court judges. The federal government appoints and pays judges for the superior courts in each province, as well as judges at the federal level. It is also responsible for the administration of the Supreme Court of Canada and federally created courts.
Most disputes are settled before they are heard by a judge.
Courts are not the only mechanism for settling differences between people. Less formal processes include alternative dispute resolution, private commercial arbitration, and appearing before administrative boards and tribunals. Even for issues that never get to court, court decisions influence people’s choices and actions. They provide guidance on what the law is, and how people should conduct themselves to ensure they are in compliance with it.
In the sections that follow we explain the structure of the court system – how the courts are organized and how the various elements connect to one another. The final section looks at some of the principles and institutions that help keep Canada’s court system fair and independent.
Courts and Other Bodies Under Federal Jurisdiction
The federal court system runs parallel to the provincial and territorial court systems and consists of the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal. The judges of these courts (as well as the Tax Court of Canada, described below) are based in Ottawa, but travel across the country to hear cases. They deal with certain matters specified in federal statutes (laws), such as immigration and refugee law, navigation and shipping, intellectual property, and tax. They can also deal with matters of national defence, security, and international relations.
The Federal Court
The Federal Court is Canada’s national trial court. It hears and decides federal legal disputes whose subject matter has been assigned to the Court by Parliament.
These disputes include
- claims against the Government of Canada;
- civil suits between private parties in federally-regulated areas; and
- reviews of the decisions of most federal tribunals.
The Federal Court’s jurisdiction includes
- interprovincial and many federal-provincial disputes;
- immigration and refugee matters;
- intellectual property proceedings (e.g., copyright);
- citizenship appeals;
- Competition Act cases; and
- cases involving Crown corporations or departments of the Government of Canada.
The federal courts have the power to review decisions, orders, and other administrative actions of most federal boards, commissions, and tribunals. That means most federal government decisions can be challenged in a federal court. With some exceptions, those bodies may refer questions of law, jurisdiction, or practice to one of the federal courts at any stage of a proceeding.
In some areas of law, such as maritime law, the Federal Court shares jurisdiction with the provincial superior courts. It also has concurrent jurisdiction with respect to civil claims against the federal government.
The Federal Court of Appeal
The Federal Court of Appeal hears appeals from the Federal Court and the Tax Court of Canada, and judicial reviews of certain federal tribunals listed in the Federal Courts Act. Like provincial and territorial courts of appeal, its decisions can only be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada. The Court hears most legal matters under federal jurisdiction or that involve the federal government.
It has three basic roles:
- to ensure that federal law is applied consistently throughout Canada;
- to conduct judicial reviews of specified federal decision makers, as listed in section 28 of the Federal Courts Act; and
- to provide an avenue of appeal from decisions of the Federal Court and the Tax Court of Canada.
Specialized Federal Courts
The federal government has created specialized courts to deal more effectively with certain areas of the law. These include the Tax Court of Canada and the courts that serve the military justice system: the military courts and the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada. These courts have been created by statute and can only decide matters that fall within the jurisdiction given to them by those statutes. The Tax Court thus deals with tax matters defined under the Tax Court of Canada Act and the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada hears appeals from courts martial.
The Tax Court of Canada
The Tax Court of Canada is a superior court that determines cases and appeals about matters that arise under federal tax and revenue legislation. The Tax Court of Canada hears disputes between the federal government and taxpayers after the taxpayer has pursued all other avenues provided for by the Income Tax Act. The Tax Court is independent of the Canada Revenue Agency and all other government departments.
Military Courts
Military courts, or courts martial, are established under the National Defence Act to hear cases involving the Code of Service Discipline. The Code applies to all members of the Canadian Forces as well as civilians who accompany the Forces on active service. It lays out a system of disciplinary offences designed to further the good order and proper functioning of the Canadian Forces.
The Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada hears appeals from military courts. Judges in the Court Martial Appeal Court are selected from the federal courts and other superior courts throughout the country. Like other courts of appeal, a panel of three judges hears cases in the Court Martial Appeal Court.
The Supreme Court of Canada
The Supreme Court of Canada is the final court of appeal from all other Canadian courts. It has jurisdiction over disputes in all areas of the law. These include constitutional law, administrative law, criminal law, and civil law. The Court does not hold trials, but hears appeals from all other Canadian appeal courts.
The Court consists of a Chief Justice and eight other justices. Members of the Court are appointed by the federal government as new vacancies occur. Three judges traditionally come from Ontario, two from Western Canada, and one from the Atlantic provinces. In addition, the Supreme Court Act requires that at least three judges must come from Quebec.
The Supreme Court sits in Ottawa for three sessions a year - winter, spring, and fall. Each year the Supreme Court considers an average of between 500 to 600 applications for leave to appeal and hears 65 to 80 appeals.
What Kinds of Cases Does the Supreme Court of Canada Hear?
The Supreme Court of Canada only hears cases that it considers to be of public importance and to have national significance. That could mean a case that raises an important issue of law, or mixed law and fact, or if the matter is, for any other reason, significant enough to be considered by the country’s highest court. In limited instances, there may also be an appeal as of right. Judgements of the Supreme Court are listed at http://www.scc-csc-gc.ca/home-accueil/index-eng.aspx.
Before a case can reach the Supreme Court of Canada, it must have used up all available appeals at other levels of court. Even then, the court usually must grant permission or “leave” to appeal before it will hear the case. Leave applications are usually made in writing and reviewed by three members of the court. They then grant or deny the request without providing reasons for the decision.
Did you know?
Each year the Supreme Court considers an average of between 500 to 600 applications for leave to appeal and hears 65 to 80 appeals.
The right to appeal is automatic in certain situations. For instance, no leave is required in criminal cases where a judge on the panel of a court of appeal has disagreed, or dissented, on how the law should be interpreted. It is also not required when a court of appeal has found someone guilty who had been acquitted at the original trial. That person automatically has the right to appeal to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court can also be asked by the Governor in Council to hear references. These are important questions of law, such as the constitutionality or interpretation of federal or provincial legislation, on which the Court is asked to give its opinion before an actual legal dispute arises. The federal government may ask the Court to consider questions on any important matter of law or fact, especially about how to interpret the Constitution. The Court may also be asked to interpret federal or provincial/territorial legislation or the powers of Parliament or the legislatures. Provincial and territorial courts of appeal may also be asked to hear references from their respective governments, which are then sometimes appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada.
Administrative Tribunals and Boards
Different kinds of administrative tribunals and boards deal with disputes over the interpretation and application of laws and regulations, such as entitlement to employment insurance or disability benefits, refugee claims, and human rights.
Administrative tribunals are less formal than courts and are not part of the court system. However, they play an essential role in resolving disputes in Canadian society. Decisions of administrative tribunals may be reviewed in court to ensure that tribunals act fairly and according to the law.
The Judiciary
Judicial independence
Judicial independence is a cornerstone of the Canadian judicial system. That is why, under the Constitution, the judiciary is separate from and independent of the other two branches of government, the executive and legislature. Judicial independence guarantees that judges will be able to make decisions free of influence and based solely on fact and law.
Nothing is more important in our justice system than having independent judges.
The principle of judicial independence has three components:
- Security of tenure
- Once appointed, a judge is eligible to serve on the bench until retirement (age 75 for federally appointed judges, age 70 in some provincial/territorial jurisdictions). Judges can be removed by a joint address of Parliament or a provincial legislature, only after an independent and impartial investigation shows that there is good reason (see Judicial Conduct, below).
- Financial security
- Judges must be guaranteed sufficient compensation (including salary and pension) so they are not subject to pressure for financial considerations. In Canada, governments cannot change judges’ salaries or benefits without first receiving the recommendations of an independent compensation commission.
- Administrative independence
- No one can interfere with how courts manage the legal process and exercise their judicial functions. For example, only the chief justice can choose how cases are assigned to the judges of his or her court.
Several institutions have been established to support judicial independence: these include the Canadian Judicial Council, the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs, the National Judicial Institute and the Courts Administration Service. They help keep the government and the judiciary separate in areas like discipline, pay and benefits, and continuing education for judges.
How are judges appointed?
The federal government appoints judges to the federal courts, the superior courts of the provinces/territories, and the Supreme Court of Canada. The Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs administers the advisory committees, representing each province and territory, which assess the qualifications of the lawyers who apply for federal judicial appointments. For example, a candidate for a federal appointment must have been a lawyer for at least ten years to be appointed and must be qualified to practise law in the jurisdiction in question.
The provincial and territorial governments appoint judges to provincial and territorial courts. There are similar eligibility requirements for provincial and territorial appointments.
All federally appointed judges are appointed by the Governor in Council. This consists of the Governor General acting on the advice of the Prime Minister for judges of the Supreme Court of Canada and chief and associate chief justices in the provinces; and on the advice of the Minister of Justice for all other superior court judges.
What training do judges receive?
In general, most judges have spent years in courtrooms or in the practice of law, and have extensive knowledge of court processes and the role of the judge. Once they are appointed, they can refine that knowledge by enrolling in educational programs at both the provincial/territorial and federal levels on all aspects of judging, as well as specific substantive areas of the law. The National Judicial Institute delivers programs for all federal, provincial, and territorial judges. The Institute is funded by each level of government, and regularly offers courses for new judges.
Judicial conduct
Each jurisdiction in Canada has a judicial council that is responsible for promoting and administering professional standards and conduct. For provincially and territorially appointed judges, each province or territory has a judicial council. Its members include judges, lawyers, and members of the general public. Judicial councils develop policies and codes of conduct to provide guidance for judges.
The Canadian Judicial Council (CJC) is responsible for federally appointed judges. It consists of the chief justices and associate chief justices of all of the federal courts and provincial/territorial superior courts. It promotes efficiency, consistency, and quality judicial service in these courts. One of the Council’s tasks is to investigate complaints and allegations of misconduct of federally appointed judges. The CJC has also developed a set of Ethical Principles for Judges. Their purpose is to help judges ensure that they maintain their independence, integrity, and impartiality.
If it finds evidence of serious misconduct, the CJC may recommend to the Minister of Justice that the judge be removed from office. The Minister of Justice may then seek the necessary approval of both the House of Commons and the Senate to have the judge removed from office. The removal processes for provincial/territorial judges vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but are similarly developed to protect judicial independence and ensure that the process operates independently.
Relevant laws relating to the judiciary
The manner in which judges are appointed and administered is governed by Part VII of the Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982 and the Judges Act. The Justice Laws website provides the texts of these acts. Provincial and territorial statutes and regulations can be found on the websites of the respective jurisdictions.
The following organizations also support judges in Canada:
